Plants Having Enhanced Yield-Related Traits And Methods For Making The Same

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods for enhancing yield-related traits in plants by modulating expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide in a plant. Also provided are plants having modulated expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, which plants have enhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants. Further provided are constructs comprising a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, useful in carrying out the methods of the invention.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology and concerns a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants by modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related (Egl-27 and MTA1 homology 2—related) polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like (Essential for Mitotic Growth—like) polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide. The present invention also concerns plants having modulated expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, which plants have enhanced yield-related traits relative to corresponding wild type plants or other control plants. The invention also provides constructs useful in the methods of the invention.

The ever-increasing world population and the dwindling supply of arable land available for agriculture fuels research towards increasing the efficiency of agriculture. Conventional means for crop and horticultural improvements utilise selective breeding techniques to identify plants having desirable characteristics. However, such selective breeding techniques have several drawbacks, namely that these techniques are typically labour intensive and result in plants that often contain heterogeneous genetic components that may not always result in the desirable trait being passed on from parent plants. Advances in molecular biology have allowed mankind to modify the germplasm of animals and plants. Genetic engineering of plants entails the isolation and manipulation of genetic material (typically in the form of DNA or RNA) and the subsequent introduction of that genetic material into a plant. Such technology has the capacity to deliver crops or plants having various improved economic, agronomic or horticultural traits.

A trait of particular economic interest is increased yield. Yield is normally defined as the measurable produce of economic value from a crop. This may be defined in terms of quantity and/or quality. Yield is directly dependent on several factors, for example, the number and size of the organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches), seed production, leaf senescence and more. Root development, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance and early vigour may also be important factors in determining yield. Optimizing the abovementioned factors may therefore contribute to increasing crop yield.

Seed yield is a particularly important trait, since the seeds of many plants are important for human and animal nutrition. Crops such as corn, rice, wheat, canola and soybean account for over half the total human caloric intake, whether through direct consumption of the seeds themselves or through consumption of meat products raised on processed seeds. They are also a source of sugars, oils and many kinds of metabolites used in industrial processes. Seeds contain an embryo (the source of new shoots and roots) and an endosperm (the source of nutrients for embryo growth during germination and during early growth of seedlings). The development of a seed involves many genes, and requires the transfer of metabolites from the roots, leaves and stems into the growing seed. The endosperm, in particular, assimilates the metabolic precursors of carbohydrates, oils and proteins and synthesizes them into storage macromolecules to fill out the grain.

Another important trait for many crops is early vigour. Improving early vigour is an important objective of modern rice breeding programs in both temperate and tropical rice cultivars. Long roots are important for proper soil anchorage in water-seeded rice. Where rice is sown directly into flooded fields, and where plants must emerge rapidly through water, longer shoots are associated with vigour. Where drill-seeding is practiced, longer mesocotyls and coleoptiles are important for good seedling emergence. The ability to engineer early vigour into plants would be of great importance in agriculture. For example, poor early vigour has been a limitation to the introduction of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids based on Corn Belt germplasm in the European Atlantic.

A further important trait is that of improved abiotic stress tolerance. Abiotic stress is a primary cause of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yields for most major crop plants by more than 50% (Wang et al., Planta 218, 1-14, 2003). Abiotic stresses may be caused by drought, salinity, extremes of temperature, chemical toxicity and oxidative stress. The ability to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress would be of great economic advantage to farmers worldwide and would allow for the cultivation of crops during adverse conditions and in territories where cultivation of crops may not otherwise be possible.

Crop yield may therefore be increased by optimising one of the above-mentioned factors.

Depending on the end use, the modification of certain yield traits may be favoured over others. For example for applications such as forage or wood production, or bio-fuel resource, an increase in the vegetative parts of a plant may be desirable, and for applications such as flour, starch or oil production, an increase in seed parameters may be particularly desirable. Even amongst the seed parameters, some may be favoured over others, depending on the application. Various mechanisms may contribute to increasing seed yield, whether that is in the form of increased seed size or increased seed number.

It has now been found that various yield-related traits may be improved in plants by modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, in a plant.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the ELM2 (Egl-27 and MTA1 homology 2) domain is a small domain. It is found in the MTA1 protein that is part of the NuRD complex. The domain is usually found to the N-terminus of a myb-like DNA binding domain pfam00249. ELM2 is also found associated with an ARID (AT rich interactive domain) DNA binding domain pfam01388 in a protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. This suggests that ELM2 may also be involved in DNA binding, or perhaps is a protein-protein interaction domain. According to Ding et al. (Mol. Cell Biol. 2003 January; 23(1):250-8), the ELM2 domain functions as a transcriptional repression domain through recruitment of a trichostatin A-sensitive histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1).

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, however, nothing is reported on modification of yield-related traits in plants with regard to WRKY-related polypeptide until the present day. Rushton, 2010 reports on WRKY proteins playing roles in repression and de-repression of important plant processes. Furthermore, it is described that a single WRKY-related polypeptide might be involved in regulating several seemingly disparate processes. Mechanisms of signalling and transcriptional regulation are being dissected, uncovering WRKY protein functions via interactions with a diverse array of protein partners, including MAP kinases, MAP kinase kinases, 14-3-3 proteins, calmodulin, histone deacetylases, resistance proteins and other WRKY-related polypeptides. WRKY genes exhibit extensive autoregulation and cross-regulation that facilitates transcriptional reprogramming in a dynamic web with built-in redundancy.

Van der Ent, 2009 reports on Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r bacteria and β-aminobutyric acid which can induce disease resistance in Arabidopsis and is based on priming of defence. Particularly, the differences and similarities of WCS417r- and β-aminobutyric acid-induced priming has been examined, wherein both WCS417r and β-aminobutyric acid prime for enhanced deposition of callose-rich papillae after infection by the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis. This priming is regulated by convergent pathways, which depend on phosphoinositide and ABA-dependent signalling components. Conversely, induced resistance by WCS417r and β-aminobutyric acid against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are controlled by distinct NPR1-dependent signalling pathways. As WCS417r and β-amino butyric acid prime jasmonate- and salicylate-inducible genes, respectively, they subsequently investigated the role of transcription factors. A quantitative PCR-based genome-wide screen for putative WCS417r- and β-aminobutyric acid-responsive transcription factor genes revealed distinct sets of priming-responsive genes. Transcriptional analysis of a selection of these genes showed that they can serve as specific markers for priming. Promoter analysis of WRKY genes identified a putative cis-element that is strongly over-represented in promoters of 21 NPR1-dependent, β-aminobutyric acid-inducible WRKY genes. It is shown that priming of defence is regulated by different pathways, depending on the inducing agent and the challenging pathogen. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that priming is associated with the enhanced expression of transcription factors.

With respect to EMG1-like proteins, ribosome biogenesis is a complex stepwise process that begins with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and continues with a coordinated processing pathway by which the rRNA is processed and ribosomal proteins are assembled. Ribosomal RNA processing and ribosome assembly require several non-ribosomal protein factors, as well as small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) molecules. These factors not only guide cleavage steps, but also carry out site-specific rRNA modifications that include methylation and pseudouridylation.

Nucleolar essential protein 1 (Nep1) is a highly conserved protein required for ribosome biogenesis and found in organisms from archaea to humans. Nep1 has also been designated the name Emg1 for essential for mitotic growth 1. An Emg1 gene identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, the At3g57000 gene, is described to be a member of a family of genes which are essential for 40S ribosomal biogenesis. They play a role in the methylation reaction of pre-rRNA processing. The structure of EMG1 has revealed that it is a novel member of the superfamily of alpha/beta knot fold methyltransferases.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, however, nothing is reported on modification of yield-related traits in plants with regard to GPx-related polypeptide until the present day. GPx encodes glutathione peroxidase and belongs to the large family of Peroxidase (Px) enzymes. Green plants contain thousands of Px proteins classified in multiple classes. GPx belong to the class of Thiol peroxidase Selenium-dependent enzyme containing GPx and Peroxiredoxin proteins.

GPx are present across kingdom with hundreds of members identified in plants and animals so far. A role of GPx in alleviating oxidative stress generated from polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer cells has been revealed recently (Margis, 2008). GPx could act as homo-multimers or homo-monomers and are known to have distinct subcellular localization (cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial or membrane-bound). Interestingly, plant GPx could be grouped into 5 distinct clusters clearly separated according to their predicted subcellular localization suggesting existence of multiple duplication events during the evolution of GPx in different plant cellular compartment.

Margis, 2008, reports on an evolutionary overview of Glutathione peroxidase family. Particularly, Glutathione peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.9 and EC 1.11.1.12) catalyze the reduction of H₂O₂ or organic hydroperoxides to water or corresponding alcohols using reduced glutathione. Some glutathione peroxidase isozymes have a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and present a selenocysteine encoded by the opal TGA codon. In the study of Margis, insights into the evolution of the whole glutathione peroxidase gene family were obtained after a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using the improved number of glutathione peroxidase sequences recorded in known PeroxiBase database. The identification of a common ancestral origin for the diverse glutathione peroxidase clusters was not possible. The complex relationships and evolutionary rates of this gene family suggest that basal glutathione peroxidase classes, present in all kingdoms, have originated from independent evolutionary events such as gene duplication, gene losses, lateral gene transfer among invertebrates and vertebrates or plants. In addition, the present study also emphasizes the possibility of some members being submitted to strong selective forces that probably dictated functional convergences of taxonomically distant groups.

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions will be used throughout the present application. The section captions and headings in this application are for convenience and reference purpose only and should not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this application. The technical terms and expressions used within the scope of this application are generally to be given the meaning commonly applied to them in the pertinent art of plant biology, molecular biology, bioinformatics and plant breeding. All of the following term definitions apply to the complete content of this application. The term “essentially”, “about”, “approximately” and the like in connection with an attribute or a value, particularly also define exactly the attribute or exactly the value, respectively. The term “about” in the context of a given numeric value or range relates in particular to a value or range that is within 20%, within 10%, or within 5% of the value or range given. As used herein, the term “comprising” also encompasses the term “consisting of”.

Peptide(s)/Protein(s)

The terms “peptides”, “oligopeptides”, “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein and refer to amino acids in a polymeric form of any length, linked together by peptide bonds, unless mentioned herein otherwise.

Polynucleotide(s)/Nucleic Acid(s)/Nucleic Acid Sequence(s)/Nucleotide Sequence(s)

The terms “polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleic acid sequence(s)”, “nucleotide sequence(s)”, “nucleic acid(s)”, “nucleic acid molecule” are used interchangeably herein and refer to nucleotides, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of both, in a polymeric unbranched form of any length.

Homologue(s)

“Homologues” of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived.

Orthologues and paralogues are two different forms of homologues and encompass evolutionary concepts used to describe the ancestral relationships of genes. Paralogues are genes within the same species that have originated through duplication of an ancestral gene; orthologues are genes from different organisms that have originated through speciation, and are also derived from a common ancestral gene.

A “deletion” refers to removal of one or more amino acids from a protein.

An “insertion” refers to one or more amino acid residues being introduced into a predetermined site in a protein. Insertions may comprise N-terminal and/or C-terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. Generally, insertions within the amino acid sequence will be smaller than N- or C-terminal fusions, of the order of about 1 to 10 residues. Examples of N- or C-terminal fusion proteins or peptides include the binding domain or activation domain of a transcriptional activator as used in the yeast two-hybrid system, phage coat proteins, (histidine)-6-tag, glutathione S-transferase-tag, protein A, maltose-binding protein, dihydrofolate reductase, Tag·100 epitope, c-myc epitope, FLAG®-epitope, lacZ, CMP (calmodulin-binding peptide), HA epitope, protein C epitope and VSV epitope.

A “substitution” refers to replacement of amino acids of the protein with other amino acids having similar properties (such as similar hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antigenicity, propensity to form or break α-helical structures or β-sheet structures). Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues, but may be clustered depending upon functional constraints placed upon the polypeptide and may range from 1 to 10 amino acids. The amino acid substitutions are preferably conservative amino acid substitutions. Conservative substitution tables are well known in the art (see for example Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H. Freeman and Company (Eds) and Table 1 below).

TABLE 1 Examples of conserved amino acid substitutions Conservative Conservative Residue Substitutions Residue Substitutions Ala Ser Leu Ile; Val Arg Lys Lys Arg; Gln Asn Gln; His Met Leu; Ile Asp Glu Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Gln Asn Ser Thr; Gly Cys Ser Thr Ser; Val Glu Asp Trp Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Trp; Phe His Asn; Gln Val Ile; Leu Ile Leu, Val

Amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions may readily be made using peptide synthetic techniques known in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis and the like, or by recombinant DNA manipulation. Methods for the manipulation of DNA sequences to produce substitution, insertion or deletion variants of a protein are well known in the art. For example, techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA are well known to those skilled in the art and include M13 mutagenesis, T7-Gen in vitro mutagenesis (USB, Cleveland, Ohio), QuickChange Site Directed mutagenesis (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.), PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis or other site-directed mutagenesis protocols (see Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989 and yearly updates)).

Derivatives

“Derivatives” include peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides which may, compared to the amino acid sequence of the naturally-occurring form of the protein, such as the protein of interest, comprise substitutions of amino acids with non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, or additions of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. “Derivatives” of a protein also encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides which comprise naturally occurring altered (glycosylated, acylated, prenylated, phosphorylated, myristoylated, sulphated etc.) or non-naturally altered amino acid residues compared to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring form of the polypeptide. A derivative may also comprise one or more non-amino acid substituents or additions compared to the amino acid sequence from which it is derived, for example a reporter molecule or other ligand, covalently or non-covalently bound to the amino acid sequence, such as a reporter molecule which is bound to facilitate its detection, and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues relative to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring protein. Furthermore, “derivatives” also include fusions of the naturally-occurring form of the protein with tagging peptides such as FLAG, HIS6 or thioredoxin (for a review of tagging peptides, see Terpe, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 523-533, 2003).

Domain, Motif/Consensus Sequence/Signature

The term “domain” refers to a set of amino acids conserved at specific positions along an alignment of sequences of evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary between homologues, amino acids that are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids that are likely essential in the structure, stability or function of a protein. Identified by their high degree of conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used as identifiers to determine if any polypeptide in question belongs to a previously identified polypeptide family.

The term “motif” or “consensus sequence” or “signature” refers to a short conserved region in the sequence of evolutionarily related proteins. Motifs are frequently highly conserved parts of domains, but may also include only part of the domain, or be located outside of conserved domain (if all of the amino acids of the motif fall outside of a defined domain).

Specialist databases exist for the identification of domains, for example, SMART (Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5857-5864; Letunic et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30, 242-244), InterPro (Mulder et al., (2003) Nucl. Acids. Res. 31, 315-318), Prosite (Bucher and Bairoch (1994), A generalized profile syntax for biomolecular sequences motifs and its function in automatic sequence interpretation. (In) ISMB-94; Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. Altman R., Brutlag D., Karp P., Lathrop R., Searls D., Eds., pp 53-61, AAAI Press, Menlo Park; Hulo et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 32:D134-D137, (2004)), or Pfam (Bateman et al., Nucleic Acids Research 30(1): 276-280 (2002)). The Pfam protein families database: R. D. Finn, J. Mistry, J. Tate, P. Coggill, A. Heger, J. E. Pollington, O. L. Gavin, P. Gunesekaran, G. Ceric, K. Forslund, L. Holm, E. L. Sonnhammer, S. R. Eddy, A. Bateman Nucleic Acids Research (2010) Database Issue 38: 211-222). A set of tools for in silico analysis of protein sequences is available on the ExPASy proteomics server (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Gasteiger et al., ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis, Nucleic Acids Res. 31:3784-3788(2003)). Domains or motifs may also be identified using routine techniques, such as by sequence alignment.

Methods for the alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (i.e. spanning the complete sequences) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percent sequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Homologues may readily be identified using, for example, the ClustalW multiple sequence alignment algorithm (version 1.83), with the default pairwise alignment parameters, and a scoring method in percentage. Global percentages of similarity and identity may also be determined using one of the methods available in the MatGAT software package (Campanella et al., BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 Jul. 10; 4:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matrices using protein or DNA sequences.). Minor manual editing may be performed to optimise alignment between conserved motifs, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art. Furthermore, instead of using full-length sequences for the identification of homologues, specific domains may also be used. The sequence identity values may be determined over the entire nucleic acid or amino acid sequence or over selected domains or conserved motif(s), using the programs mentioned above using the default parameters. For local alignments, the Smith-Waterman algorithm is particularly useful (Smith T F, Waterman M S (1981) J. Mol. Biol 147(1); 195-7).

Reciprocal BLAST

Typically, this involves a first BLAST involving BLASTing a query sequence (for example using any of the sequences listed in Table A of the Examples section) against any sequence database, such as the publicly available NCBI database. BLASTN or TBLASTX (using standard default values) are generally used when starting from a nucleotide sequence, and BLASTP or TBLASTN (using standard default values) when starting from a protein sequence. The BLAST results may optionally be filtered. The full-length sequences of either the filtered results or non-filtered results are then BLASTed back (second BLAST) against sequences from the organism from which the query sequence is derived. The results of the first and second BLASTs are then compared. A paralogue is identified if a high-ranking hit from the first blast is from the same species as from which the query sequence is derived, a BLAST back then ideally results in the query sequence amongst the highest hits; an orthologue is identified if a high-ranking hit in the first BLAST is not from the same species as from which the query sequence is derived, and preferably results upon BLAST back in the query sequence being among the highest hits.

High-ranking hits are those having a low E-value. The lower the E-value, the more significant the score (or in other words the lower the chance that the hit was found by chance). Computation of the E-value is well known in the art. In addition to E-values, comparisons are also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In the case of large families, ClustalW may be used, followed by a neighbour joining tree, to help visualize clustering of related genes and to identify orthologues and paralogues.

Hybridisation

The term “hybridisation” as defined herein is a process wherein substantially homologous complementary nucleotide sequences anneal to each other. The hybridisation process can occur entirely in solution, i.e. both complementary nucleic acids are in solution. The hybridisation process can also occur with one of the complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a matrix such as magnetic beads, Sepharose beads or any other resin. The hybridisation process can furthermore occur with one of the complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a solid support such as a nitro-cellulose or nylon membrane or immobilised by e.g. photolithography to, for example, a siliceous glass support (the latter known as nucleic acid arrays or microarrays or as nucleic acid chips). In order to allow hybridisation to occur, the nucleic acid molecules are generally thermally or chemically denatured to melt a double strand into two single strands and/or to remove hairpins or other secondary structures from single stranded nucleic acids.

The term “stringency” refers to the conditions under which a hybridisation takes place. The stringency of hybridisation is influenced by conditions such as temperature, salt concentration, ionic strength and hybridisation buffer composition. Generally, low stringency conditions are selected to be about 30° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Medium stringency conditions are when the temperature is 20° C. below T_(m), and high stringency conditions are when the temperature is 10° C. below T_(m). High stringency hybridisation conditions are typically used for isolating hybridising sequences that have high sequence similarity to the target nucleic acid sequence. However, nucleic acids may deviate in sequence and still encode a substantially identical polypeptide, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. Therefore medium stringency hybridisation conditions may sometimes be needed to identify such nucleic acid molecules.

The T_(m) is the temperature under defined ionic strength and pH, at which 50% of the target sequence hybridises to a perfectly matched probe. The T_(m) is dependent upon the solution conditions and the base composition and length of the probe. For example, longer sequences hybridise specifically at higher temperatures. The maximum rate of hybridisation is obtained from about 16° C. up to 32° C. below T_(m). The presence of monovalent cations in the hybridisation solution reduce the electrostatic repulsion between the two nucleic acid strands thereby promoting hybrid formation; this effect is visible for sodium concentrations of up to 0.4M (for higher concentrations, this effect may be ignored). Formamide reduces the melting temperature of DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA duplexes with 0.6 to 0.7° C. for each percent formamide, and addition of 50% formamide allows hybridisation to be performed at 30 to 45° C., though the rate of hybridisation will be lowered. Base pair mismatches reduce the hybridisation rate and the thermal stability of the duplexes. On average and for large probes, the Tm decreases about 1° C. per % base mismatch. The T_(m) may be calculated using the following equations, depending on the types of hybrids:

-   1) DNA-DNA hybrids (Meinkoth and Wahl, Anal. Biochem., 138: 267-284,     1984):

T _(m)=81.5° C.+16.6×log₁₀[Na⁺]^(a)+0.41×%[G/C ^(b)]−500×[L ^(c)]⁻¹−0.61×% formamide

-   2) DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA hybrids:

T _(m)=79.8° C.+18.5(log₁₀[Na⁺]^(a))+0.58(% G/C ^(b))+11.8(% G/C ^(b))²−820/L ^(c)

-   3) oligo-DNA or oligo-RNA^(d) hybrids:

For <20 nucleotides: T_(m)=2 (I_(n))

For 20-35 nucleotides: T_(m)=22+1.46 (I_(n))

-   -   ^(a) or for other monovalent cation, but only accurate in the         0.01-0.4 M range.     -   ^(b) only accurate for % GC in the 30% to 75% range.     -   ^(c) L=length of duplex in base pairs.     -   ^(d) oligo, oligonucleotide; I_(n), =effective length of         primer=2×(no. of G/C)+(no. of A/T).

Non-specific binding may be controlled using any one of a number of known techniques such as, for example, blocking the membrane with protein containing solutions, additions of heterologous RNA, DNA, and SDS to the hybridisation buffer, and treatment with Rnase. For non-homologous probes, a series of hybridizations may be performed by varying one of (i) progressively lowering the annealing temperature (for example from 68° C. to 42° C.) or (ii) progressively lowering the formamide concentration (for example from 50% to 0%). The skilled artisan is aware of various parameters which may be altered during hybridisation and which will either maintain or change the stringency conditions.

Besides the hybridisation conditions, specificity of hybridisation typically also depends on the function of post-hybridisation washes. To remove background resulting from non-specific hybridisation, samples are washed with dilute salt solutions. Critical factors of such washes include the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution: the lower the salt concentration and the higher the wash temperature, the higher the stringency of the wash. Wash conditions are typically performed at or below hybridisation stringency. A positive hybridisation gives a signal that is at least twice of that of the background.

Generally, suitable stringent conditions for nucleic acid hybridisation assays or gene amplification detection procedures are as set forth above. More or less stringent conditions may also be selected. The skilled artisan is aware of various parameters which may be altered during washing and which will either maintain or change the stringency conditions.

For example, typical high stringency hybridisation conditions for DNA hybrids longer than 50 nucleotides encompass hybridisation at 65° C. in 1×SSC or at 42° C. in 1×SSC and 50% formamide, followed by washing at 65° C. in 0.3×SSC. Examples of medium stringency hybridisation conditions for DNA hybrids longer than 50 nucleotides encompass hybridisation at 50° C. in 4×SSC or at 40° C. in 6×SSC and 50% formamide, followed by washing at 50° C. in 2×SSC. The length of the hybrid is the anticipated length for the hybridising nucleic acid. When nucleic acids of known sequence are hybridised, the hybrid length may be determined by aligning the sequences and identifying the conserved regions described herein. 1×SSC is 0.15M NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate; the hybridisation solution and wash solutions may additionally include 5×Denhardt's reagent, 0.5-1.0% SDS, 100 μg/ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA, 0.5% sodium pyrophosphate.

For the purposes of defining the level of stringency, reference can be made to Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3^(rd) Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CSH, New York or to Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989 and yearly updates).

Splice Variant

The term “splice variant” as used herein encompasses variants of a nucleic acid sequence in which selected introns and/or exons have been excised, replaced, displaced or added, or in which introns have been shortened or lengthened. Such variants will be ones in which the biological activity of the protein is substantially retained; this may be achieved by selectively retaining functional segments of the protein. Such splice variants may be found in nature or may be manmade. Methods for predicting and isolating such splice variants are well known in the art (see for example Foissac and Schiex (2005) BMC Bioinformatics 6: 25).

Allelic Variant

“Alleles” or “allelic variants” are alternative forms of a given gene, located at the same chromosomal position. Allelic variants encompass Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as Small Insertion/Deletion Polymorphisms (INDELs). The size of INDELs is usually less than 100 bp. SNPs and INDELs form the largest set of sequence variants in naturally occurring polymorphic strains of most organisms.

Endogenous Gene

Reference herein to an “endogenous” gene not only refers to the gene in question as found in a plant in its natural form (i.e., without there being any human intervention), but also refers to that same gene (or a substantially homologous nucleic acid/gene) in an isolated form subsequently (re)introduced into a plant (a transgene). For example, a transgenic plant containing such a transgene may encounter a substantial reduction of the transgene expression and/or substantial reduction of expression of the endogenous gene. The isolated gene may be isolated from an organism or may be manmade, for example by chemical synthesis.

Gene Shuffling/Directed Evolution

“Gene shuffling” or “directed evolution” consists of iterations of DNA shuffling followed by appropriate screening and/or selection to generate variants of nucleic acids or portions thereof encoding proteins having a modified biological activity (Castle et al., (2004) Science 304(5674): 1151-4; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,811,238 and 6,395,547).

Construct

Artificial DNA (such as but, not limited to plasmids or viral DNA) capable of replication in a host cell and used for introduction of a DNA sequence of interest into a host cell or host organism. Host cells of the invention may be any cell selected from bacterial cells, such as Escherichia coli or Agrobacterium species cells, yeast cells, fungal, algal or cyanobacterial cells or plant cells. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the genetic construct in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells containing the sequence of interest. The sequence of interest is operably linked to one or more control sequences (at least to a promoter) as described herein. Additional regulatory elements may include transcriptional as well as translational enhancers. Those skilled in the art will be aware of terminator and enhancer sequences that may be suitable for use in performing the invention. An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) or in the coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol, as described in the definitions section. Other control sequences (besides promoter, enhancer, silencer, intron sequences, 3′UTR and/or 5′UTR regions) may be protein and/or RNA stabilizing elements. Such sequences would be known or may readily be obtained by a person skilled in the art.

The genetic constructs of the invention may further include an origin of replication sequence that is required for maintenance and/or replication in a specific cell type. One example is when a genetic construct is required to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an episomal genetic element (e.g. plasmid or cosmid molecule). Preferred origins of replication include, but are not limited to, the f1-ori and colE1.

For the detection of the successful transfer of the nucleic acid sequences as used in the methods of the invention and/or selection of transgenic plants comprising these nucleic acids, it is advantageous to use marker genes (or reporter genes). Therefore, the genetic construct may optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. Selectable markers are described in more detail in the “definitions” section herein. The marker genes may be removed or excised from the transgenic cell once they are no longer needed. Techniques for marker removal are known in the art, useful techniques are described above in the definitions section.

Regulatory Element/Control Sequence/Promoter

The terms “regulatory element”, “control sequence” and “promoter” are all used interchangeably herein and are to be taken in a broad context to refer to regulatory nucleic acid sequences capable of effecting expression of the sequences to which they are ligated. The term “promoter” typically refers to a nucleic acid control sequence located upstream from the transcriptional start of a gene and which is involved in recognising and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins, thereby directing transcription of an operably linked nucleic acid. Encompassed by the aforementioned terms are transcriptional regulatory sequences derived from a classical eukaryotic genomic gene (including the TATA box which is required for accurate transcription initiation, with or without a CCAAT box sequence) and additional regulatory elements (i.e. upstream activating sequences, enhancers and silencers) which alter gene expression in response to developmental and/or external stimuli, or in a tissue-specific manner. Also included within the term is a transcriptional regulatory sequence of a classical prokaryotic gene, in which case it may include a −35 box sequence and/or −10 box transcriptional regulatory sequences. The term “regulatory element” also encompasses a synthetic fusion molecule or derivative that confers, activates or enhances expression of a nucleic acid molecule in a cell, tissue or organ.

A “plant promoter” comprises regulatory elements, which mediate the expression of a coding sequence segment in plant cells. Accordingly, a plant promoter need not be of plant origin, but may originate from viruses or micro-organisms, for example from viruses which attack plant cells. The “plant promoter” can also originate from a plant cell, e.g. from the plant which is transformed with the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed in the inventive process and described herein. This also applies to other “plant” regulatory signals, such as “plant” terminators. The promoters upstream of the nucleotide sequences useful in the methods of the present invention can be modified by one or more nucleotide substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) without interfering with the functionality or activity of either the promoters, the open reading frame (ORF) or the 3′-regulatory region such as terminators or other 3′ regulatory regions which are located away from the ORF. It is furthermore possible that the activity of the promoters is increased by modification of their sequence, or that they are replaced completely by more active promoters, even promoters from heterologous organisms. For expression in plants, the nucleic acid molecule must, as described above, be linked operably to or comprise a suitable promoter which expresses the gene at the right point in time and with the required spatial expression pattern.

For the identification of functionally equivalent promoters, the promoter strength and/or expression pattern of a candidate promoter may be analysed for example by operably linking the promoter to a reporter gene and assaying the expression level and pattern of the reporter gene in various tissues of the plant. Suitable well-known reporter genes include for example beta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. The promoter activity is assayed by measuring the enzymatic activity of the beta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. The promoter strength and/or expression pattern may then be compared to that of a reference promoter (such as the one used in the methods of the present invention). Alternatively, promoter strength may be assayed by quantifying mRNA levels or by comparing mRNA levels of the nucleic acid used in the methods of the present invention, with mRNA levels of housekeeping genes such as 18S rRNA, using methods known in the art, such as Northern blotting with densitometric analysis of autoradiograms, quantitative real-time PCR or RT-PCR (Heid et al., 1996 Genome Methods 6: 986-994). Generally by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” is intended at levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000 transcripts, to about 1/500,0000 transcripts per cell. Conversely, a “strong promoter” drives expression of a coding sequence at high level, or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1000 transcripts per cell. Generally, by “medium strength promoter” is intended a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a lower level than a strong promoter, in particular at a level that is in all instances below that obtained when under the control of a 35S CaMV promoter.

Operably Linked

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to a functional linkage between the promoter sequence and the gene of interest, such that the promoter sequence is able to initiate transcription of the gene of interest.

Constitutive Promoter

A “constitutive promoter” refers to a promoter that is transcriptionally active during most, but not necessarily all, phases of growth and development and under most environmental conditions, in at least one cell, tissue or organ. Table 2a below gives examples of constitutive promoters.

TABLE 2a Examples of constitutive promoters Gene Source Reference Actin McElroy et al, Plant Cell, 2: 163-171, 1990 HMGP WO 2004/070039 CAMV 35S Odell et al, Nature, 313: 810-812, 1985 CaMV 19S Nilsson et al., Physiol. Plant. 100: 456-462, 1997 GOS2 de Pater et al, Plant J Nov; 2(6): 837-44, 1992, WO 2004/065596 Ubiquitin Christensen et al, Plant Mol. Biol. 18: 675-689, 1992 Rice cyclophilin Buchholz et al, Plant Mol Biol. 25(5): 837-43, 1994 Maize H3 histone Lepetit et al, Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 276-285, 1992 Alfalfa H3 histone Wu et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 11: 641-649, 1988 Actin 2 An et al, Plant J. 10(1); 107-121, 1996 34S FMV Sanger et al., Plant. Mol. Biol., 14, 1990: 433-443 Rubisco small U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,028 subunit OCS Leisner (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85(5): 2553 SAD1 Jain et al., Crop Science, 39 (6), 1999: 1696 SAD2 Jain et al., Crop Science, 39 (6), 1999: 1696 nos Shaw et al. (1984) Nucleic Acids Res. 12(20): 7831-7846 V-ATPase WO 01/14572 Super promoter WO 95/14098 G-box proteins WO 94/12015

Ubiquitous Promoter

A “ubiquitous promoter” is active in substantially all tissues or cells of an organism.

Developmentally-Regulated Promoter

A “developmentally-regulated promoter” is active during certain developmental stages or in parts of the plant that undergo developmental changes.

Inducible Promoter

An “inducible promoter” has induced or increased transcription initiation in response to a chemical (for a review see Gatz 1997, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 48:89-108), environmental or physical stimulus, or may be “stress-inducible”, i.e. activated when a plant is exposed to various stress conditions, or a “pathogen-inducible” i.e. activated when a plant is exposed to exposure to various pathogens.

Organ-Specific/Tissue-Specific Promoter

An “organ-specific” or “tissue-specific promoter” is one that is capable of preferentially initiating transcription in certain organs or tissues, such as the leaves, roots, seed tissue etc. For example, a “root-specific promoter” is a promoter that is transcriptionally active predominantly in plant roots, substantially to the exclusion of any other parts of a plant, whilst still allowing for any leaky expression in these other plant parts. Promoters able to initiate transcription in certain cells only are referred to herein as “cell-specific”.

Examples of root-specific promoters are listed in Table 2b below:

TABLE 2b Examples of root-specific promoters Gene Source Reference RCc3 Plant Mol Biol. 1995 Jan; 27(2): 237-48 Arabidopsis PHT1 Koyama et al. J Biosci Bioeng. 2005 Jan; 99(1): 38-42.; Mudge et al. (2002, Plant J. 31: 341) Medicago phosphate Xiao et al., 2006, Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2006 Jul; 8(4): 439-49 transporter Arabidopsis Pyk10 Nitz et al. (2001) Plant Sci 161(2): 337-346 root-expressible genes Tingey et al., EMBO J. 6: 1, 1987. tobacco auxin-inducible Van der Zaal et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 983, 1991. gene β-tubulin Oppenheimer, et al., Gene 63: 87, 1988. tobacco root-specific Conkling, et al., Plant Physiol. 93: 1203, 1990. genes B. napus G1-3b gene U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,836 SbPRP1 Suzuki et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 21: 109-119, 1993. LRX1 Baumberger et al. 2001, Genes & Dev. 15: 1128 BTG-26 Brassica napus US 20050044585 LeAMT1 (tomato) Lauter et al. (1996, PNAS 3: 8139) The LeNRT1-1 (tomato) Lauter et al. (1996, PNAS 3: 8139) class I patatin gene Liu et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 17 (6): 1139-1154 (potato) KDC1 (Daucus carota) Downey et al. (2000, J. Biol. Chem. 275: 39420) TobRB7 gene W Song (1997) PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA OsRAB5a (rice) Wang et al. 2002, Plant Sci. 163: 273 ALF5 (Arabidopsis) Diener et al. (2001, Plant Cell 13: 1625) NRT2; 1Np (N. plumbaginifolia) Quesada et al. (1997, Plant Mol. Biol. 34: 265)

A “seed-specific promoter” is transcriptionally active predominantly in seed tissue, but not necessarily exclusively in seed tissue (in cases of leaky expression). The seed-specific promoter may be active during seed development and/or during germination. The seed specific promoter may be endosperm/aleurone/embryo specific. Examples of seed-specific promoters (endosperm/aleurone/embryo specific) are shown in Table 2c to Table 2f below. Further examples of seed-specific promoters are given in Qing Qu and Takaiwa (Plant Biotechnol. J. 2, 113-125, 2004), which disclosure is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth.

TABLE 2c Examples of seed-specific promoters Gene source Reference seed-specific genes Simon et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 5: 191, 1985; Scofield et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 12202, 1987.; Baszczynski et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14: 633, 1990. Brazil Nut albumin Pearson et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18: 235-245, 1992. legumin Ellis et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 10: 203-214, 1988. glutelin (rice) Takaiwa et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 208: 15-22, 1986; Takaiwa et al., FEBS Letts. 221: 43-47, 1987. zein Matzke et al Plant Mol Biol, 14(3): 323-32 1990 napA Stalberg et al, Planta 199: 515-519, 1996. wheat LMW and HMW Mol Gen Genet 216: 81-90, 1989; NAR 17: 461-2, 1989 glutenin-1 wheat SPA Albani et al, Plant Cell, 9: 171-184, 1997 wheat α,β,γ-gliadins EMBO J. 3: 1409-15, 1984 barley ltr1 promoter Diaz et al. (1995) Mol Gen Genet 248(5): 592-8 barley B1, C, D, hordein Theor Appl Gen 98: 1253-62, 1999; Plant J 4: 343-55, 1993; Mol Gen Genet 250: 750-60, 1996 barley DOF Mena et al, The Plant Journal, 116(1): 53-62, 1998 blz2 EP99106056.7 synthetic promoter Vicente-Carbajosa et al., Plant J. 13: 629-640, 1998. rice prolamin NRP33 Wu et al, Plant Cell Physiology 39(8) 885-889, 1998 rice a-globulin Glb-1 Wu et al, Plant Cell Physiology 39(8) 885-889, 1998 rice OSH1 Sato et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 8117-8122, 1996 rice α-globulin REB/OHP-1 Nakase et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 513-522, 1997 rice ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Trans Res 6: 157-68, 1997 maize ESR gene family Plant J 12: 235-46, 1997 sorghum α-kafirin DeRose et al., Plant Mol. Biol 32: 1029-35, 1996 KNOX Postma-Haarsma et al, Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 257-71, 1999 rice oleosin Wu et al, J. Biochem. 123: 386, 1998 sunflower oleosin Cummins et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 19: 873-876, 1992 PRO0117, putative rice 40S WO 2004/070039 ribosomal protein PRO0136, rice alanine unpublished aminotransferase PRO0147, trypsin inhibitor unpublished ITR1 (barley) PRO0151, rice WSI18 WO 2004/070039 PRO0175, rice RAB21 WO 2004/070039 PRO005 WO 2004/070039 PRO0095 WO 2004/070039 α-amylase (Amy32b) Lanahan et al, Plant Cell 4: 203-211, 1992; Skriver et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7266-7270, 1991 cathepsin β-like gene Cejudo et al, Plant Mol Biol 20: 849-856, 1992 Barley Ltp2 Kalla et al., Plant J. 6: 849-60, 1994 Chi26 Leah et al., Plant J. 4: 579-89, 1994 Maize B-Peru Selinger et al., Genetics 149; 1125-38, 1998

TABLE 2d examples of endosperm-specific promoters Gene source Reference glutelin (rice) Takaiwa et al. (1986) Mol Gen Genet 208: 15-22; Takaiwa et al. (1987) FEBS Letts. 221: 43-47 zein Matzke et al., (1990) Plant Mol Biol 14(3): 323-32 wheat LMW and HMW glutenin-1 Colot et al. (1989) Mol Gen Genet 216: 81-90, Anderson et al. (1989) NAR 17: 461-2 wheat SPA Albani et al. (1997) Plant Cell 9: 171-184 wheat gliadins Rafalski et al. (1984) EMBO 3: 1409-15 barley Itr1 promoter Diaz et al. (1995) Mol Gen Genet 248(5): 592-8 barley B1, C, D, hordein Cho et al. (1999) Theor Appl Genet 98: 1253-62; Muller et al. (1993) Plant J 4: 343-55; Sorenson et al. (1996) Mol Gen Genet 250: 750-60 barley DOF Mena et al, (1998) Plant J 116(1): 53-62 blz2 Onate et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274(14): 9175-82 synthetic promoter Vicente-Carbajosa et al. (1998) Plant J 13: 629-640 rice prolamin NRP33 Wu et al, (1998) Plant Cell Physiol 39(8) 885-889 rice globulin Glb-1 Wu et al. (1998) Plant Cell Physiol 39(8) 885-889 rice globulin REB/OHP-1 Nakase et al. (1997) Plant Molec Biol 33: 513-522 rice ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Russell et al. (1997) Trans Res 6: 157-68 maize ESR gene family Opsahl-Ferstad et al. (1997) Plant J 12: 235-46 sorghum kafirin DeRose et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol 32: 1029-35

TABLE 2e Examples of embryo specific promoters: Gene source Reference rice OSH1 Sato et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 8117-8122, 1996 KNOX Postma-Haarsma et al, Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 257-71, 1999 PRO0151 WO 2004/070039 PRO0175 WO 2004/070039 PRO005 WO 2004/070039 PRO0095 WO 2004/070039

TABLE 2f Examples of aleurone-specific promoters: Gene source Reference α-amylase (Amy32b) Lanahan et al, Plant Cell 4: 203-211, 1992; Skriver et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7266-7270, 1991 cathepsin β-like gene Cejudo et al, Plant Mol Biol 20: 849-856, 1992 Barley Ltp2 Kalla et al., Plant J. 6: 849-60, 1994 Chi26 Leah et al., Plant J. 4: 579-89, 1994 Maize B-Peru Selinger et al., Genetics 149; 1125-38, 1998

A “green tissue-specific promoter” as defined herein is a promoter that is transcriptionally active predominantly in green tissue, substantially to the exclusion of any other parts of a plant, whilst still allowing for any leaky expression in these other plant parts.

Examples of green tissue-specific promoters which may be used to perform the methods of the invention are shown in Table 2g below.

TABLE 2g Examples of green tissue-specific promoters Gene Expression Reference Maize Orthophosphate dikinase Leaf specific Fukavama et al., Plant Physiol. 2001 Nov; 127(3): 1136-46 Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Leaf specific Kausch et al., Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Jan; 45(1): 1-15 Rice Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Leaf specific Lin et al., 2004 DNA Seq. 2004 Aug; 15(4): 269-76 Rice small subunit Rubisco Leaf specific Nomura et al., Plant Mol Biol. 2000 Sep; 44(1): 99-106 rice beta expansin EXBP9 Shoot specific WO 2004/070039 Pigeonpea small subunit Rubisco Leaf specific Panguluri et al., Indian J Exp Biol. 2005 Apr; 43(4): 369-72 Pea RBCS3A Leaf specific

Another example of a tissue-specific promoter is a meristem-specific promoter, which is transcriptionally active predominantly in meristematic tissue, substantially to the exclusion of any other parts of a plant, whilst still allowing for any leaky expression in these other plant parts. Examples of green meristem-specific promoters which may be used to perform the methods of the invention are shown in Table 2h below.

TABLE 2h Examples of meristem-specific promoters Gene source Expression pattern Reference rice OSH1 Shoot apical meristem, Sato et al. (1996) from embryo globular Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. stage to seedling stage USA, 93: 8117-8122 Rice metallothionein Meristem specific BAD87835.1 WAK1 & WAK 2 Shoot and root apical Wagner & Kohorn (2001) meristems, and in Plant Cell 13(2): 303-318 expanding leaves and sepals

Terminator

The term “terminator” encompasses a control sequence which is a DNA sequence at the end of a transcriptional unit which signals 3′ processing and polyadenylation of a primary transcript and termination of transcription. The terminator can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The terminator to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

Selectable Marker (Gene)/Reporter Gene

“Selectable marker”, “selectable marker gene” or “reporter gene” includes any gene that confers a phenotype on a cell in which it is expressed to facilitate the identification and/or selection of cells that are transfected or transformed with a nucleic acid construct of the invention. These marker genes enable the identification of a successful transfer of the nucleic acid molecules via a series of different principles. Suitable markers may be selected from markers that confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance, that introduce a new metabolic trait or that allow visual selection. Examples of selectable marker genes include genes conferring resistance to antibiotics (such as nptll that phosphorylates neomycin and kanamycin, or hpt, phosphorylating hygromycin, or genes conferring resistance to, for example, bleomycin, streptomycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, gentamycin, geneticin (G418), spectinomycin or blasticidin), to herbicides (for example bar which provides resistance to Basta®; aroA or gox providing resistance against glyphosate, or the genes conferring resistance to, for example, imidazolinone, phosphinothricin or sulfonylurea), or genes that provide a metabolic trait (such as manA that allows plants to use mannose as sole carbon source or xylose isomerase for the utilisation of xylose, or antinutritive markers such as the resistance to 2-deoxyglucose). Expression of visual marker genes results in the formation of colour (for example β-glucuronidase, GUS or β-galactosidase with its coloured substrates, for example X-Gal), luminescence (such as the luciferin/luceferase system) or fluorescence (Green Fluorescent Protein, GFP, and derivatives thereof). This list represents only a small number of possible markers. The skilled worker is familiar with such markers. Different markers are preferred, depending on the organism and the selection method.

It is known that upon stable or transient integration of nucleic acids into plant cells, only a minority of the cells takes up the foreign DNA and, if desired, integrates it into its genome, depending on the expression vector used and the transfection technique used. To identify and select these integrants, a gene coding for a selectable marker (such as the ones described above) is usually introduced into the host cells together with the gene of interest. These markers can for example be used in mutants in which these genes are not functional by, for example, deletion by conventional methods. Furthermore, nucleic acid molecules encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector that comprises the sequence encoding the polypeptides of the invention or used in the methods of the invention, or else in a separate vector. Cells which have been stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified for example by selection (for example, cells which have integrated the selectable marker survive whereas the other cells die).

Since the marker genes, particularly genes for resistance to antibiotics and herbicides, are no longer required or are undesired in the transgenic host cell once the nucleic acids have been introduced successfully, the process according to the invention for introducing the nucleic acids advantageously employs techniques which enable the removal or excision of these marker genes. One such a method is what is known as co-transformation. The co-transformation method employs two vectors simultaneously for the transformation, one vector bearing the nucleic acid according to the invention and a second bearing the marker gene(s). A large proportion of transformants receives or, in the case of plants, comprises (up to 40% or more of the transformants), both vectors. In case of transformation with Agrobacteria, the transformants usually receive only a part of the vector, i.e. the sequence flanked by the T-DNA, which usually represents the expression cassette. The marker genes can subsequently be removed from the transformed plant by performing crosses. In another method, marker genes integrated into a transposon are used for the transformation together with desired nucleic acid (known as the Ac/Ds technology). The transformants can be crossed with a transposase source or the transformants are transformed with a nucleic acid construct conferring expression of a transposase, transiently or stable. In some cases (approx. 10%), the transposon jumps out of the genome of the host cell once transformation has taken place successfully and is lost. In a further number of cases, the transposon jumps to a different location. In these cases the marker gene must be eliminated by performing crosses. In microbiology, techniques were developed which make possible, or facilitate, the detection of such events. A further advantageous method relies on what is known as recombination systems; whose advantage is that elimination by crossing can be dispensed with. The best-known system of this type is what is known as the Cre/lox system. Cre1 is a recombinase that removes the sequences located between the loxP sequences. If the marker gene is integrated between the loxP sequences, it is removed once transformation has taken place successfully, by expression of the recombinase. Further recombination systems are the HIN/HIX, FLP/FRT and REP/STB system (Tribble et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275, 2000: 22255-22267; Velmurugan et al., J. Cell Biol., 149, 2000: 553-566). A site-specific integration into the plant genome of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention is possible. Naturally, these methods can also be applied to microorganisms such as yeast, fungi or bacteria.

Transgenic/Transgene/Recombinant

For the purposes of the invention, “transgenic”, “transgene” or “recombinant” means with regard to, for example, a nucleic acid sequence, an expression cassette, gene construct or a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence or an organism transformed with the nucleic acid sequences, expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention, all those constructions brought about by recombinant methods in which either

-   -   (a) the nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins useful in the         methods of the invention, or     -   (b) genetic control sequence(s) which is operably linked with         the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, for         example a promoter, or     -   (c) a) and b)         are not located in their natural genetic environment or have         been modified by recombinant methods, it being possible for the         modification to take the form of, for example, a substitution,         addition, deletion, inversion or insertion of one or more         nucleotide residues. The natural genetic environment is         understood as meaning the natural genomic or chromosomal locus         in the original plant or the presence in a genomic library. In         the case of a genomic library, the natural genetic environment         of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably retained, at least in         part. The environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least         on one side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp,         preferably at least 500 bp, especially preferably at least 1000         bp, most preferably at least 5000 bp. A naturally occurring         expression cassette—for example the naturally occurring         combination of the natural promoter of the nucleic acid         sequences with the corresponding nucleic acid sequence encoding         a polypeptide useful in the methods of the present invention, as         defined above—becomes a transgenic expression cassette when this         expression cassette is modified by non-natural, synthetic         (“artificial”) methods such as, for example, mutagenic         treatment. Suitable methods are described, for example, in U.S.         Pat. No. 5,565,350 or WO 00/15815.

A transgenic plant for the purposes of the invention is thus understood as meaning, as above, that the nucleic acids used in the method of the invention are not present in, or originating from, the genome of said plant, or are present in the genome of said plant but not at their natural locus in the genome of said plant, it being possible for the nucleic acids to be expressed homologously or heterologously. However, as mentioned, transgenic also means that, while the nucleic acids according to the invention or used in the inventive method are at their natural position in the genome of a plant, the sequence has been modified with regard to the natural sequence, and/or that the regulatory sequences of the natural sequences have been modified. Transgenic is preferably understood as meaning the expression of the nucleic acids according to the invention at an unnatural locus in the genome, i.e. homologous or, preferably, heterologous expression of the nucleic acids takes place. Preferred transgenic plants are mentioned herein.

It shall further be noted that in the context of the present invention, the term “isolated nucleic acid” or “isolated polypeptide” may in some instances be considered as a synonym for a “recombinant nucleic acid” or a “recombinant polypeptide”, respectively and refers to a nucleic acid or polypeptide that is not located in its natural genetic environment and/or that has been modified by recombinant methods.

In one embodiment an isolated nucleic acid sequence or isolated nucleic acid molecule is one that is not in its native surrounding or its native nucleic acid neighbourhood, yet is physically and functionally connected to other nucleic acid sequences or nucleic acid molecules and is found as part of a nucleic acid construct, vector sequence or chromosome.

Modulation

The term “modulation” means in relation to expression or gene expression, a process in which the expression level is changed by said gene expression in comparison to the control plant, the expression level may be increased or decreased. The original, unmodulated expression may be of any kind of expression of a structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA) or mRNA with subsequent translation. For the purposes of this invention, the original unmodulated expression may also be absence of any expression. The term “modulating the activity” or the term “modulating expression” shall mean any change of the expression of the inventive nucleic acid sequences or encoded proteins, which leads to increased yield and/or increased growth of the plants. The expression can increase from zero (absence of, or immeasurable expression) to a certain amount, or can decrease from a certain amount to immeasurable small amounts or zero.

Expression

The term “expression” or “gene expression” means the transcription of a specific gene or specific genes or specific genetic construct. The term “expression” or “gene expression” in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a protein. The process includes transcription of DNA and processing of the resulting mRNA product.

Increased Expression/Overexpression

The term “increased expression” or “overexpression” as used herein means any form of expression that is additional to the original wild-type expression level. For the purposes of this invention, the original wild-type expression level might also be zero, i.e. absence of expression or immeasurable expression.

Methods for increasing expression of genes or gene products are well documented in the art and include, for example, overexpression driven by appropriate promoters, the use of transcription enhancers or translation enhancers. Isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancer elements may be introduced in an appropriate position (typically upstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide so as to upregulate expression of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of interest. For example, endogenous promoters may be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., WO9322443), or isolated promoters may be introduced into a plant cell in the proper orientation and distance from a gene of the present invention so as to control the expression of the gene.

If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable to include a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotide coding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′ end sequence to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) or the coding sequence of the partial coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron in the transcription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg (1988) Mol. Cell biol. 8: 4395-4405; Callis et al. (1987) Genes Dev 1:1183-1200). Such intron enhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed near the 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use of the maize introns Adh1-S intron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. For general information see: The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

Decreased Expression

Reference herein to “decreased expression” or “reduction or substantial elimination” of expression is taken to mean a decrease in endogenous gene expression and/or polypeptide levels and/or polypeptide activity relative to control plants. The reduction or substantial elimination is in increasing order of preference at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more reduced compared to that of control plants.

For the reduction or substantial elimination of expression an endogenous gene in a plant, a sufficient length of substantially contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence is required. In order to perform gene silencing, this may be as little as 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10 or fewer nucleotides, alternatively this may be as much as the entire gene (including the 5′ and/or 3′ UTR, either in part or in whole). The stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides may be derived from the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest (target gene), or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest. Preferably, the stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides is capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the target gene (either sense or antisense strand), more preferably, the stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides has, in increasing order of preference, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence identity to the target gene (either sense or antisense strand). A nucleic acid sequence encoding a (functional) polypeptide is not a requirement for the various methods discussed herein for the reduction or substantial elimination of expression of an endogenous gene.

This reduction or substantial elimination of expression may be achieved using routine tools and techniques. A preferred method for the reduction or substantial elimination of endogenous gene expression is by introducing and expressing in a plant a genetic construct into which the nucleic acid (in this case a stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene of interest, or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any one of the protein of interest) is cloned as an inverted repeat (in part or completely), separated by a spacer (non-coding DNA).

In such a preferred method, expression of the endogenous gene is reduced or substantially eliminated through RNA-mediated silencing using an inverted repeat of a nucleic acid or a part thereof (in this case a stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene of interest, or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest), preferably capable of forming a hairpin structure. The inverted repeat is cloned in an expression vector comprising control sequences. A non-coding DNA nucleic acid sequence (a spacer, for example a matrix attachment region fragment (MAR), an intron, a polylinker, etc.) is located between the two inverted nucleic acids forming the inverted repeat. After transcription of the inverted repeat, a chimeric RNA with a self-complementary structure is formed (partial or complete). This double-stranded RNA structure is referred to as the hairpin RNA (hpRNA). The hpRNA is processed by the plant into siRNAs that are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The RISC further cleaves the mRNA transcripts, thereby substantially reducing the number of mRNA transcripts to be translated into polypeptides. For further general details see for example, Grierson et al. (1998) WO 98/53083; Waterhouse et al. (1999) WO 99/53050).

Performance of the methods of the invention does not rely on introducing and expressing in a plant a genetic construct into which the nucleic acid is cloned as an inverted repeat, but any one or more of several well-known “gene silencing” methods may be used to achieve the same effects.

One such method for the reduction of endogenous gene expression is RNA-mediated silencing of gene expression (downregulation). Silencing in this case is triggered in a plant by a double stranded RNA sequence (dsRNA) that is substantially similar to the target endogenous gene. This dsRNA is further processed by the plant into about 20 to about 26 nucleotides called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The siRNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that cleaves the mRNA transcript of the endogenous target gene, thereby substantially reducing the number of mRNA transcripts to be translated into a polypeptide. Preferably, the double stranded RNA sequence corresponds to a target gene.

Another example of an RNA silencing method involves the introduction of nucleic acid sequences or parts thereof (in this case a stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene of interest, or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest) in a sense orientation into a plant. “Sense orientation” refers to a DNA sequence that is homologous to an mRNA transcript thereof. Introduced into a plant would therefore be at least one copy of the nucleic acid sequence. The additional nucleic acid sequence will reduce expression of the endogenous gene, giving rise to a phenomenon known as co-suppression. The reduction of gene expression will be more pronounced if several additional copies of a nucleic acid sequence are introduced into the plant, as there is a positive correlation between high transcript levels and the triggering of co-suppression.

Another example of an RNA silencing method involves the use of antisense nucleic acid sequences. An “antisense” nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a “sense” nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein, i.e. complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA transcript sequence. The antisense nucleic acid sequence is preferably complementary to the endogenous gene to be silenced. The complementarity may be located in the “coding region” and/or in the “non-coding region” of a gene. The term “coding region” refers to a region of the nucleotide sequence comprising codons that are translated into amino acid residues. The term “non-coding region” refers to 5′ and 3′ sequences that flank the coding region that are transcribed but not translated into amino acids (also referred to as 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions).

Antisense nucleic acid sequences can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid sequence may be complementary to the entire nucleic acid sequence (in this case a stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene of interest, or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest), but may also be an oligonucleotide that is antisense to only a part of the nucleic acid sequence (including the mRNA 5′ and 3′ UTR). For example, the antisense oligonucleotide sequence may be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of an mRNA transcript encoding a polypeptide. The length of a suitable antisense oligonucleotide sequence is known in the art and may start from about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 or 10 nucleotides in length or less. An antisense nucleic acid sequence according to the invention may be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions using methods known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid sequence (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide sequence) may be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acid sequences, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides may be used. Examples of modified nucleotides that may be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid sequences are well known in the art. Known nucleotide modifications include methylation, cyclization and ‘caps’ and substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analogue such as inosine. Other modifications of nucleotides are well known in the art.

The antisense nucleic acid sequence can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid sequence has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest). Preferably, production of antisense nucleic acid sequences in plants occurs by means of a stably integrated nucleic acid construct comprising a promoter, an operably linked antisense oligonucleotide, and a terminator.

The nucleic acid molecules used for silencing in the methods of the invention (whether introduced into a plant or generated in situ) hybridize with or bind to mRNA transcripts and/or genomic DNA encoding a polypeptide to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid sequence which binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. Antisense nucleic acid sequences may be introduced into a plant by transformation or direct injection at a specific tissue site. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid sequences can be modified to target selected cells and then administered systemically. For example, for systemic administration, antisense nucleic acid sequences can be modified such that they specifically bind to receptors or antigens expressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid sequence to peptides or antibodies which bind to cell surface receptors or antigens. The antisense nucleic acid sequences can also be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein.

According to a further aspect, the antisense nucleic acid sequence is an a-anomeric nucleic acid sequence. An a-anomeric nucleic acid sequence forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual b-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucl Ac Res 15: 6625-6641). The antisense nucleic acid sequence may also comprise a 2′-o-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucl Ac Res 15, 6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett. 215, 327-330).

The reduction or substantial elimination of endogenous gene expression may also be performed using ribozymes. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334, 585-591) can be used to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts encoding a polypeptide, thereby substantially reducing the number of mRNA transcripts to be translated into a polypeptide. A ribozyme having specificity for a nucleic acid sequence can be designed (see for example: Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071; and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742). Alternatively, mRNA transcripts corresponding to a nucleic acid sequence can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules (Bartel and Szostak (1993) Science 261, 1411-1418). The use of ribozymes for gene silencing in plants is known in the art (e.g., Atkins et al. (1994) WO 94/00012; Lenne et al. (1995) WO 95/03404; Lutziger et al. (2000) WO 00/00619; Prinsen et al. (1997) WO 97/13865 and Scott et al. (1997) WO 97/38116).

Gene silencing may also be achieved by insertion mutagenesis (for example, T-DNA insertion or transposon insertion) or by strategies as described by, among others, Angell and Baulcombe ((1999) Plant J 20(3): 357-62), (Amplicon VIGS WO 98/36083), or Baulcombe (WO 99/15682).

Gene silencing may also occur if there is a mutation on an endogenous gene and/or a mutation on an isolated gene/nucleic acid subsequently introduced into a plant. The reduction or substantial elimination may be caused by a non-functional polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide may bind to various interacting proteins; one or more mutation(s) and/or truncation(s) may therefore provide for a polypeptide that is still able to bind interacting proteins (such as receptor proteins) but that cannot exhibit its normal function (such as signalling ligand).

A further approach to gene silencing is by targeting nucleic acid sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene (e.g., the promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells. See Helene, C., Anticancer Drug Res. 6, 569-84, 1991; Helene et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 27-36 1992; and Maher, L. J. Bioassays 14, 807-15, 1992.

Other methods, such as the use of antibodies directed to an endogenous polypeptide for inhibiting its function in planta, or interference in the signalling pathway in which a polypeptide is involved, will be well known to the skilled man. In particular, it can be envisaged that manmade molecules may be useful for inhibiting the biological function of a target polypeptide, or for interfering with the signalling pathway in which the target polypeptide is involved.

Alternatively, a screening program may be set up to identify in a plant population natural variants of a gene, which variants encode polypeptides with reduced activity. Such natural variants may also be used for example, to perform homologous recombination.

Artificial and/or natural microRNAs (miRNAs) may be used to knock out gene expression and/or mRNA translation. Endogenous miRNAs are single stranded small RNAs of typically 19-24 nucleotides long. They function primarily to regulate gene expression and/or mRNA translation. Most plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have perfect or near-perfect complementarity with their target sequences. However, there are natural targets with up to five mismatches. They are processed from longer non-coding RNAs with characteristic fold-back structures by double-strand specific RNases of the Dicer family. Upon processing, they are incorporated in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by binding to its main component, an Argonaute protein. MiRNAs serve as the specificity components of RISC, since they base-pair to target nucleic acids, mostly mRNAs, in the cytoplasm. Subsequent regulatory events include target mRNA cleavage and destruction and/or translational inhibition. Effects of miRNA overexpression are thus often reflected in decreased mRNA levels of target genes.

Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs), which are typically 21 nucleotides in length, can be genetically engineered specifically to negatively regulate gene expression of single or multiple genes of interest. Determinants of plant microRNA target selection are well known in the art. Empirical parameters for target recognition have been defined and can be used to aid in the design of specific amiRNAs, (Schwab et al., Dev. Cell 8, 517-527, 2005). Convenient tools for design and generation of amiRNAs and their precursors are also available to the public (Schwab et al., Plant Cell 18, 1121-1133, 2006).

For optimal performance, the gene silencing techniques used for reducing expression in a plant of an endogenous gene requires the use of nucleic acid sequences from monocotyledonous plants for transformation of monocotyledonous plants, and from dicotyledonous plants for transformation of dicotyledonous plants. Preferably, a nucleic acid sequence from any given plant species is introduced into that same species. For example, a nucleic acid sequence from rice is transformed into a rice plant. However, it is not an absolute requirement that the nucleic acid sequence to be introduced originates from the same plant species as the plant in which it will be introduced. It is sufficient that there is substantial homology between the endogenous target gene and the nucleic acid to be introduced.

Described above are examples of various methods for the reduction or substantial elimination of expression in a plant of an endogenous gene. A person skilled in the art would readily be able to adapt the aforementioned methods for silencing so as to achieve reduction of expression of an endogenous gene in a whole plant or in parts thereof through the use of an appropriate promoter, for example.

Transformation

The term “introduction” or “transformation” as referred to herein encompasses the transfer of an exogenous polynucleotide into a host cell, irrespective of the method used for transfer. Plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a genetic construct of the present invention and a whole plant regenerated there from. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristem, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem). The polynucleotide may be transiently or stably introduced into a host cell and may be maintained non-integrated, for example, as a plasmid. Alternatively, it may be integrated into the host genome. The resulting transformed plant cell may then be used to regenerate a transformed plant in a manner known to persons skilled in the art. Alternatively, a plant cell that cannot be regenerated into a plant may be chosen as host cell, i.e. the resulting transformed plant cell does not have the capacity to regenerate into a (whole) plant.

The transfer of foreign genes into the genome of a plant is called transformation. Transformation of plant species is now a fairly routine technique. Advantageously, any of several transformation methods may be used to introduce the gene of interest into a suitable ancestor cell. The methods described for the transformation and regeneration of plants from plant tissues or plant cells may be utilized for transient or for stable transformation. Transformation methods include the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake, injection of the DNA directly into the plant, particle gun bombardment, transformation using viruses or pollen and microprojection. Methods may be selected from the calcium/polyethylene glycol method for protoplasts (Krens, F. A. et al., (1982) Nature 296, 72-74; Negrutiu I et al. (1987) Plant Mol Biol 8: 363-373); electroporation of protoplasts (Shillito R. D. et al. (1985) Bio/Technol 3, 1099-1102); microinjection into plant material (Crossway A et al., (1986) Mol. Gen Genet 202: 179-185); DNA or RNA-coated particle bombardment (Klein T M et al., (1987) Nature 327: 70) infection with (non-integrative) viruses and the like. Transgenic plants, including transgenic crop plants, are preferably produced via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. An advantageous transformation method is the transformation in planta. To this end, it is possible, for example, to allow the agrobacteria to act on plant seeds or to inoculate the plant meristem with agrobacteria. It has proved particularly expedient in accordance with the invention to allow a suspension of transformed agrobacteria to act on the intact plant or at least on the flower primordia. The plant is subsequently grown on until the seeds of the treated plant are obtained (Clough and Bent, Plant J. (1998) 16, 735-743). Methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice include well known methods for rice transformation, such as those described in any of the following: European patent application EP 1198985 A1, Aldemita and Hodges (Planta 199: 612-617, 1996); Chan et al. (Plant Mol Biol 22 (3): 491-506, 1993), Hiei et al. (Plant J 6 (2): 271-282, 1994), which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. In the case of corn transformation, the preferred method is as described in either Ishida et al. (Nat. Biotechnol 14(6): 745-50, 1996) or Frame et al. (Plant Physiol 129(1): 13-22, 2002), which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. Said methods are further described by way of example in B. Jenes et al., Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, eds. S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press (1993) 128-143 and in Potrykus Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 42 (1991) 205-225). The nucleic acids or the construct to be expressed is preferably cloned into a vector, which is suitable for transforming Agrobacterium tumefaciens, for example pBin19 (Bevan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 8711). Agrobacteria transformed by such a vector can then be used in known manner for the transformation of plants, such as plants used as a model, like Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana is within the scope of the present invention not considered as a crop plant), or crop plants such as, by way of example, tobacco plants, for example by immersing bruised leaves or chopped leaves in an agrobacterial solution and then culturing them in suitable media. The transformation of plants by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described, for example, by Hofgen and Willmitzer in Nucl. Acid Res. (1988) 16, 9877 or is known inter alia from F. F. White, Vectors for Gene Transfer in Higher Plants; in Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, eds. S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press, 1993, pp. 15-38.

In addition to the transformation of somatic cells, which then have to be regenerated into intact plants, it is also possible to transform the cells of plant meristems and in particular those cells which develop into gametes. In this case, the transformed gametes follow the natural plant development, giving rise to transgenic plants. Thus, for example, seeds of Arabidopsis are treated with agrobacteria and seeds are obtained from the developing plants of which a certain proportion is transformed and thus transgenic [Feldman, K A and Marks M D (1987). Mol Gen Genet 208:1-9; Feldmann K (1992). In: C Koncz, N-H Chua and J Shell, eds, Methods in Arabidopsis Research. Word Scientific, Singapore, pp. 274-289]. Alternative methods are based on the repeated removal of the inflorescences and incubation of the excision site in the center of the rosette with transformed agrobacteria, whereby transformed seeds can likewise be obtained at a later point in time (Chang (1994). Plant J. 5: 551-558; Katavic (1994). Mol Gen Genet, 245: 363-370). However, an especially effective method is the vacuum infiltration method with its modifications such as the “floral dip” method. In the case of vacuum infiltration of Arabidopsis, intact plants under reduced pressure are treated with an agrobacterial suspension [Bechthold, N (1993). C R Acad Sci Paris Life Sci, 316: 1194-1199], while in the case of the “floral dip” method the developing floral tissue is incubated briefly with a surfactant-treated agrobacterial suspension [Clough, S J and Bent A F (1998) The Plant J. 16, 735-743]. A certain proportion of transgenic seeds are harvested in both cases, and these seeds can be distinguished from non-transgenic seeds by growing under the above-described selective conditions. In addition the stable transformation of plastids is of advantages because plastids are inherited maternally is most crops reducing or eliminating the risk of transgene flow through pollen. The transformation of the chloroplast genome is generally achieved by a process which has been schematically displayed in Klaus et al., 2004 [Nature Biotechnology 22 (2), 225-229]. Briefly the sequences to be transformed are cloned together with a selectable marker gene between flanking sequences homologous to the chloroplast genome. These homologous flanking sequences direct site specific integration into the plastome. Plastidal transformation has been described for many different plant species and an overview is given in Bock (2001) Transgenic plastids in basic research and plant biotechnology. J Mol Biol. 2001 Sep. 21; 312 (3):425-38 or Maliga, P (2003) Progress towards commercialization of plastid transformation technology. Trends Biotechnol. 21, 20-28. Further biotechnological progress has recently been reported in form of marker free plastid transformants, which can be produced by a transient co-integrated maker gene (Klaus et al., 2004, Nature Biotechnology 22(2), 225-229).

The genetically modified plant cells can be regenerated via all methods with which the skilled worker is familiar. Suitable methods can be found in the abovementioned publications by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Potrykus or Höfgen and Willmitzer. Alternatively, the genetically modified plant cells are non-regenerable into a whole plant.

Generally after transformation, plant cells or cell groupings are selected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded by plant-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest, following which the transformed material is regenerated into a whole plant. To select transformed plants, the plant material obtained in the transformation is, as a rule, subjected to selective conditions so that transformed plants can be distinguished from untransformed plants. For example, the seeds obtained in the above-described manner can be planted and, after an initial growing period, subjected to a suitable selection by spraying. A further possibility consists in growing the seeds, if appropriate after sterilization, on agar plates using a suitable selection agent so that only the transformed seeds can grow into plants. Alternatively, the transformed plants are screened for the presence of a selectable marker such as the ones described above.

Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plants may also be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for the presence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomic organisation. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of the newly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Western analysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfed and homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and the T2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breeding techniques. The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. For example, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the expression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformed scion).

Throughout this application a plant, plant part, seed or plant cell transformed with—or interchangeably transformed by—a construct or transformed with or by a nucleic acid is to be understood as meaning a plant, plant part, seed or plant cell that carries said construct or said nucleic acid as a transgene due the result of an introduction of said construct or said nucleic acid by biotechnological means. The plant, plant part, seed or plant cell therefore comprises said recombinant construct or said recombinant nucleic acid. Any plant, plant part, seed or plant cell that no longer contains said recombinant construct or said recombinant nucleic acid after introduction in the past, is termed null-segregant, nullizygote or null control, but is not considered a plant, plant part, seed or plant cell transformed with said construct or with said nucleic acid within the meaning of this application.

T-DNA Activation Tagging

“T-DNA activation” tagging (Hayashi et al. Science (1992) 1350-1353), involves insertion of T-DNA, usually containing a promoter (may also be a translation enhancer or an intron), in the genomic region of the gene of interest or 10 kb up- or downstream of the coding region of a gene in a configuration such that the promoter directs expression of the targeted gene. Typically, regulation of expression of the targeted gene by its natural promoter is disrupted and the gene falls under the control of the newly introduced promoter. The promoter is typically embedded in a T-DNA. This T-DNA is randomly inserted into the plant genome, for example, through Agrobacterium infection and leads to modified expression of genes near the inserted T-DNA. The resulting transgenic plants show dominant phenotypes due to modified expression of genes close to the introduced promoter.

Tilling

The term “TILLING” is an abbreviation of “Targeted Induced Local Lesions In Genomes” and refers to a mutagenesis technology useful to generate and/or identify nucleic acids encoding proteins with modified expression and/or activity. TILLING also allows selection of plants carrying such mutant variants. These mutant variants may exhibit modified expression, either in strength or in location or in timing (if the mutations affect the promoter for example). These mutant variants may exhibit higher activity than that exhibited by the gene in its natural form. TILLING combines high-density mutagenesis with high-throughput screening methods. The steps typically followed in TILLING are: (a) EMS mutagenesis (Redei G P and Koncz C (1992) In Methods in Arabidopsis Research, Koncz C, Chua N H, Schell J, eds. Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co, pp. 16-82; Feldmann et al., (1994) In Meyerowitz E M, Somerville C R, eds, Arabidopsis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp 137-172; Lightner J and Caspar T (1998) In J Martinez-Zapater, J Salinas, eds, Methods on Molecular Biology, Vol. 82. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., pp 91-104); (b) DNA preparation and pooling of individuals; (c) PCR amplification of a region of interest; (d) denaturation and annealing to allow formation of heteroduplexes; (e) DHPLC, where the presence of a heteroduplex in a pool is detected as an extra peak in the chromatogram; (f) identification of the mutant individual; and (g) sequencing of the mutant PCR product. Methods for TILLING are well known in the art (McCallum et al., (2000) Nat Biotechnol 18: 455-457; reviewed by Stemple (2004) Nat Rev Genet 5(2): 145-50).

Homologous Recombination

“Homologous recombination” allows introduction in a genome of a selected nucleic acid at a defined selected position. Homologous recombination is a standard technology used routinely in biological sciences for lower organisms such as yeast or the moss Physcomitrella. Methods for performing homologous recombination in plants have been described not only for model plants (Offringa et al. (1990) EMBO J 9(10): 3077-84) but also for crop plants, for example rice (Terada et al. (2002) Nat Biotech 20(10): 1030-4; lida and Terada (2004) Curr Opin Biotech 15(2): 132-8), and approaches exist that are generally applicable regardless of the target organism (Miller et al, Nature Biotechnol. 25, 778-785, 2007).

Yield Related Trait(s)

A “Yield related trait” is a trait or feature which is related to plant yield. Yield-related traits may comprise one or more of the following non-limitative list of features: early flowering time, yield, biomass, seed yield, early vigour, greenness index, growth rate, agronomic traits, such as e.g. tolerance to submergence (which leads to yield in rice), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), etc.

Reference herein to enhanced yield-related traits, relative to of control plants is taken to mean one or more of an increase in early vigour and/or in biomass (weight) of one or more parts of a plant, which may include (i) aboveground parts and preferably aboveground harvestable parts and/or (ii) parts below ground and preferably harvestable below ground. In particular, such harvestable parts are roots such as taproots, stems, beets, leaves, flowers or seeds, and performance of the methods of the invention results in plants having increased seed yield relative to the seed yield of control plants, and/or increased stem biomass relative to the stem biomass of control plants, and/or increased root biomass relative to the root biomass of control plants and/or increased beet biomass relative to the beet biomass of control plants. Moreover, it is particularly contemplated that the sugar content (in particular the sucrose content) in the above ground parts, particularly stem (in particular of sugar cane plants) and/or in the below ground parts, in particular in roots including taproots, tubers and/or beets (in particular in sugar beets) is increased relative to the sugar content (in particular the sucrose content) in corresponding part(s) of the control plant.

In an alternative embodiment, such harvestable parts are seeds.

Yield

The term “yield” in general means a measurable produce of economic value, typically related to a specified crop, to an area, and to a period of time. Individual plant parts directly contribute to yield based on their number, size and/or weight, or the actual yield is the yield per square meter for a crop and year, which is determined by dividing total production (includes both harvested and appraised production) by planted square meters.

The terms “yield” of a plant and “plant yield” are used interchangeably herein and are meant to refer to vegetative biomass such as root and/or shoot biomass, to reproductive organs, and/or to propagules such as seeds of that plant.

Flowers in maize are unisexual; male inflorescences (tassels) originate from the apical stem and female inflorescences (ears) arise from axillary bud apices. The female inflorescence produces pairs of spikelets on the surface of a central axis (cob). Each of the female spikelets encloses two fertile florets, one of them will usually mature into a maize kernel once fertilized. Hence a yield increase in maize may be manifested as one or more of the following: increase in the number of plants established per square meter, an increase in the number of ears per plant, an increase in the number of rows, number of kernels per row, kernel weight, thousand kernel weight, ear length/diameter, increase in the seed filling rate, which is the number of filled florets (i.e. florets containing seed) divided by the total number of florets and multiplied by 100), among others.

Inflorescences in rice plants are named panicles. The panicle bears spikelets, which are the basic units of the panicles, and which consist of a pedicel and a floret. The floret is borne on the pedicel and includes a flower that is covered by two protective glumes: a larger glume (the lemma) and a shorter glume (the palea). Hence, taking rice as an example, a yield increase may manifest itself as an increase in one or more of the following: number of plants per square meter, number of panicles per plant, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, number of flowers (or florets) per panicle; an increase in the seed filling rate which is the number of filled florets (i.e. florets containing seeds) divided by the total number of florets and multiplied by 100; an increase in thousand kernel weight, among others.

Early Flowering Time

Plants having an “early flowering time” as used herein are plants which start to flower earlier than control plants. Hence this term refers to plants that show an earlier start of flowering. Flowering time of plants can be assessed by counting the number of days (“time to flower”) between sowing and the emergence of a first inflorescence. The “flowering time” of a plant can for instance be determined using the method as described in WO 2007/093444.

Early Vigour

“Early vigour” refers to active healthy well-balanced growth especially during early stages of plant growth, and may result from increased plant fitness due to, for example, the plants being better adapted to their environment (i.e. optimizing the use of energy resources and partitioning between shoot and root). Plants having early vigour also show increased seedling survival and a better establishment of the crop, which often results in highly uniform fields (with the crop growing in uniform manner, i.e. with the majority of plants reaching the various stages of development at substantially the same time), and often better and higher yield. Therefore, early vigour may be determined by measuring various factors, such as thousand kernel weight, percentage germination, percentage emergence, seedling growth, seedling height, root length, root and shoot biomass and many more.

Increased Growth Rate

The increased growth rate may be specific to one or more parts of a plant (including seeds), or may be throughout substantially the whole plant. Plants having an increased growth rate may have a shorter life cycle. The life cycle of a plant may be taken to mean the time needed to grow from a mature seed up to the stage where the plant has produced mature seeds, similar to the starting material. This life cycle may be influenced by factors such as speed of germination, early vigour, growth rate, greenness index, flowering time and speed of seed maturation. The increase in growth rate may take place at one or more stages in the life cycle of a plant or during substantially the whole plant life cycle. Increased growth rate during the early stages in the life cycle of a plant may reflect enhanced vigour. The increase in growth rate may alter the harvest cycle of a plant allowing plants to be sown later and/or harvested sooner than would otherwise be possible (a similar effect may be obtained with earlier flowering time). If the growth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the further sowing of seeds of the same plant species (for example sowing and harvesting of rice plants followed by sowing and harvesting of further rice plants all within one conventional growing period). Similarly, if the growth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the further sowing of seeds of different plants species (for example the sowing and harvesting of corn plants followed by, for example, the sowing and optional harvesting of soybean, potato or any other suitable plant). Harvesting additional times from the same rootstock in the case of some crop plants may also be possible. Altering the harvest cycle of a plant may lead to an increase in annual biomass production per square meter (due to an increase in the number of times (say in a year) that any particular plant may be grown and harvested). An increase in growth rate may also allow for the cultivation of transgenic plants in a wider geographical area than their wild-type counterparts, since the territorial limitations for growing a crop are often determined by adverse environmental conditions either at the time of planting (early season) or at the time of harvesting (late season). Such adverse conditions may be avoided if the harvest cycle is shortened. The growth rate may be determined by deriving various parameters from growth curves, such parameters may be: T-Mid (the time taken for plants to reach 50% of their maximal size) and T-90 (time taken for plants to reach 90% of their maximal size), amongst others.

Stress Resistance

An increase in yield and/or growth rate occurs whether the plant is under non-stress conditions or whether the plant is exposed to various stresses compared to control plants. Plants typically respond to exposure to stress by growing more slowly. In conditions of severe stress, the plant may even stop growing altogether. Mild stress on the other hand is defined herein as being any stress to which a plant is exposed which does not result in the plant ceasing to grow altogether without the capacity to resume growth. Mild stress in the sense of the invention leads to a reduction in the growth of the stressed plants of less than 40%, 35%, 30% or 25%, more preferably less than 20% or 15% in comparison to the control plant under non-stress conditions. Due to advances in agricultural practices (irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments) severe stresses are not often encountered in cultivated crop plants. As a consequence, the compromised growth induced by mild stress is often an undesirable feature for agriculture. Abiotic stresses may be due to drought or excess water, anaerobic stress, salt stress, chemical toxicity, oxidative stress and hot, cold or freezing temperatures.

“Biotic stresses” are typically those stresses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes and insects.

The “abiotic stress” may be an osmotic stress caused by a water stress, e.g. due to drought, salt stress, or freezing stress. Abiotic stress may also be an oxidative stress or a cold stress. “Freezing stress” is intended to refer to stress due to freezing temperatures, i.e. temperatures at which available water molecules freeze and turn into ice. “Cold stress”, also called “chilling stress”, is intended to refer to cold temperatures, e.g. temperatures below 10°, or preferably below 5° C., but at which water molecules do not freeze. As reported in Wang et al. (Planta (2003) 218: 1-14), abiotic stress leads to a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and oxidative stress are known to be interconnected and may induce growth and cellular damage through similar mechanisms. Rabbani et al. (Plant Physiol (2003) 133: 1755-1767) describes a particularly high degree of “cross talk” between drought stress and high-salinity stress. For example, drought and/or salinisation are manifested primarily as osmotic stress, resulting in the disruption of homeostasis and ion distribution in the cell. Oxidative stress, which frequently accompanies high or low temperature, salinity or drought stress, may cause denaturing of functional and structural proteins. As a consequence, these diverse environmental stresses often activate similar cell signalling pathways and cellular responses, such as the production of stress proteins, up-regulation of anti-oxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes and growth arrest. The term “non-stress” conditions as used herein are those environmental conditions that allow optimal growth of plants. Persons skilled in the art are aware of normal soil conditions and climatic conditions for a given location. Plants with optimal growth conditions, (grown under non-stress conditions) typically yield in increasing order of preference at least 97%, 95%, 92%, 90%, 87%, 85%, 83%, 80%, 77% or 75% of the average production of such plant in a given environment. Average production may be calculated on harvest and/or season basis. Persons skilled in the art are aware of average yield productions of a crop.

In particular, the methods of the present invention may be performed under non-stress conditions. In an example, the methods of the present invention may be performed under non-stress conditions such as mild drought to give plants having increased yield relative to control plants.

In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention may be performed under stress conditions.

In an example, the methods of the present invention may be performed under stress conditions such as drought to give plants having increased yield relative to control plants. In another example, the methods of the present invention may be performed under stress conditions such as nutrient deficiency to give plants having increased yield relative to control plants.

Nutrient deficiency may result from a lack of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphates and other phosphorous-containing compounds, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and boron, amongst others.

In yet another example, the methods of the present invention may be performed under stress conditions such as salt stress to give plants having increased yield relative to control plants. The term salt stress is not restricted to common salt (NaCl), but may be any one or more of: NaCl, KCl, LiCI, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, amongst others.

In yet another example, the methods of the present invention may be performed under stress conditions such as cold stress or freezing stress to give plants having increased yield relative to control plants.

Increase/Improve/Enhance

The terms “increase”, “improve” or “enhance” are interchangeable and shall mean in the sense of the application at least a 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, preferably at least 15% or 20%, more preferably 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% more yield and/or growth in comparison to control plants as defined herein.

Seed Yield

Increased seed yield may manifest itself as one or more of the following:

-   -   (a) an increase in seed biomass (total seed weight) which may be         on an individual seed basis and/or per plant and/or per square         meter;     -   (b) increased number of flowers per plant;     -   (c) increased number of seeds;     -   (d) increased seed filling rate (which is expressed as the ratio         between the number of filled florets divided by the total number         of florets);     -   (e) increased harvest index, which is expressed as a ratio of         the yield of harvestable parts, such as seeds, divided by the         biomass of aboveground plant parts; and     -   (f) increased thousand kernel weight (TKW), which is         extrapolated from the number of seeds counted and their total         weight. An increased TKW may result from an increased seed size         and/or seed weight, and may also result from an increase in         embryo and/or endosperm size.         The terms “filled florets” and “filled seeds” may be considered         synonyms.

An increase in seed yield may also be manifested as an increase in seed size and/or seed volume. Furthermore, an increase in seed yield may also manifest itself as an increase in seed area and/or seed length and/or seed width and/or seed perimeter.

Greenness Index

The “greenness index” as used herein is calculated from digital images of plants. For each pixel belonging to the plant object on the image, the ratio of the green value versus the red value (in the RGB model for encoding color) is calculated. The greenness index is expressed as the percentage of pixels for which the green-to-red ratio exceeds a given threshold. Under normal growth conditions, under salt stress growth conditions, and under reduced nutrient availability growth conditions, the greenness index of plants is measured in the last imaging before flowering. In contrast, under drought stress growth conditions, the greenness index of plants is measured in the first imaging after drought.

Biomass

The term “biomass” as used herein is intended to refer to the total weight of a plant. Within the definition of biomass, a distinction may be made between the biomass of one or more parts of a plant, which may include any one or more of the following:

-   -   aboveground parts such as but not limited to shoot biomass, seed         biomass, leaf biomass, etc.;     -   aboveground harvestable parts such as but not limited to shoot         biomass, seed biomass, leaf biomass, etc.;     -   parts below ground, such as but not limited to root biomass,         tubers, bulbs, etc.;     -   harvestable parts below ground, such as but not limited to root         biomass, tubers, bulbs, etc.;     -   harvestable parts partially below ground such as but not limited         to beets and other hypocotyl areas of a plant, rhizomes, stolons         or creeping rootstalks;     -   vegetative biomass such as root biomass, shoot biomass, etc.;     -   reproductive organs; and     -   propagules such as seed.

Marker Assisted Breeding

Such breeding programmes sometimes require introduction of allelic variation by mutagenic treatment of the plants, using for example EMS mutagenesis; alternatively, the programme may start with a collection of allelic variants of so called “natural” origin caused unintentionally. Identification of allelic variants then takes place, for example, by PCR. This is followed by a step for selection of superior allelic variants of the sequence in question and which give increased yield. Selection is typically carried out by monitoring growth performance of plants containing different allelic variants of the sequence in question. Growth performance may be monitored in a greenhouse or in the field. Further optional steps include crossing plants in which the superior allelic variant was identified with another plant. This could be used, for example, to make a combination of interesting phenotypic features.

Use as Probes in (Gene Mapping)

Use of nucleic acids encoding the protein of interest for genetically and physically mapping the genes requires only a nucleic acid sequence of at least 15 nucleotides in length. These nucleic acids may be used as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual) of restriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the nucleic acids encoding the protein of interest. The resulting banding patterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computer programs such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1: 174-181) in order to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acids may be used to probe Southern blots containing restriction endonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representing parent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNA polymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest in the genetic map previously obtained using this population (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in genetic mapping is described in Bernatzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 4: 37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping of specific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variations thereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations, randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets of individuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art.

The nucleic acid probes may also be used for physical mapping (i.e., placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In: Non-mammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996, pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probes may be used in direct fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favour use of large clones (several kb to several hundred kb; see Laan et al. (1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allow performance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods for genetic and physical mapping may be carried out using the nucleic acids. Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab. Clin. Med 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS; Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation (Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extension reactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation Hybrid Mapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping (Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For these methods, the sequence of a nucleic acid is used to design and produce primer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primer extension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to those skilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, it may be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between the parents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instant nucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary for mapping methods.

Plant

The term “plant” as used herein encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems, leaves, roots (including tubers), flowers, and tissues and organs, wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the gene/nucleic acid of interest. The term “plant” also encompasses plant cells, suspension cultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores, again wherein each of the aforementioned comprises the gene/nucleic acid of interest.

Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the invention include all plants which belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including fodder or forage legumes, ornamental plants, food crops, trees or shrubs selected from the list comprising Acer spp., Actinidia spp., Abelmoschus spp., Agave sisalana, Agropyron spp., Agrostis stolonifera, Allium spp., Amaranthus spp., Ammophila arenaria, Ananas comosus, Annona spp., Apium graveolens, Arachis spp, Artocarpus spp., Asparagus officinalis, Avena spp. (e.g. Avena sativa, Avena fatua, Avena byzantina, Avena fatua var. sativa, Avena hybrida), Averrhoa carambola, Bambusa sp., Benincasa hispida, Bertholletia excelsea, Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp. (e.g. Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp. [canola, oilseed rape, turnip rape]), Cadaba farinosa, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum spp., Carex elata, Carica papaya, Carissa macrocarpa, Carya spp., Carthamus tinctorius, Castanea spp., Ceiba pentandra, Cichorium endivia, Cinnamomum spp., Citrullus lanatus, Citrus spp., Cocos spp., Coffea spp., Colocasia esculenta, Cola spp., Corchorus sp., Coriandrum sativum, Corylus spp., Crataegus spp., Crocus sativus, Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., Cynara spp., Daucus carota, Desmodium spp., Dimocarpus longan, Dioscorea spp., Diospyros spp., Echinochloa spp., Elaeis (e.g. Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera), Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis tef, Erianthus sp., Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus sp., Eugenia uniflora, Fagopyrum spp., Fagus spp., Festuca arundinacea, Ficus carica, Fortunella spp., Fragaria spp., Ginkgo biloba, Glycine spp. (e.g. Glycine max, Soja hispida or Soja max), Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus spp. (e.g. Helianthus annuus), Hemerocallis fulva, Hibiscus spp., Hordeum spp. (e.g. Hordeum vulgare), Ipomoea batatas, Juglans spp., Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus spp., Lens culinaris, Linum usitatissimum, Litchi chinensis, Lotus spp., Luffa acutangula, Lupinus spp., Luzula sylvatica, Lycopersicon spp. (e.g. Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon lycopersicum, Lycopersicon pyriforme), Macrotyloma spp., Malus spp., Malpighia emarginata, Mammea americana, Mangifera indica, Manihot spp., Manilkara zapota, Medicago sativa, Melilotus spp., Mentha spp., Miscanthus sinensis, Momordica spp., Morus nigra, Musa spp., Nicotiana spp., Olea spp., Opuntia spp., Ornithopus spp., Oryza spp. (e.g. Oryza sativa, Oryza latifolia), Panicum miliaceum, Panicum virgatum, Passiflora edulis, Pastinaca sativa, Pennisetum sp., Persea spp., Petroselinum crispum, Phalaris arundinacea, Phaseolus spp., Phleum pratense, Phoenix spp., Phragmites australis, Physalis spp., Pinus spp., Pistacia vera, Pisum spp., Poa spp., Populus spp., Prosopis spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Raphanus sativus, Rheum rhabarbarum, Ribes spp., Ricinus communis, Rubus spp., Saccharum spp., Salix sp., Sambucus spp., Secale cereale, Sesamum spp., Sinapis sp., Solanum spp. (e.g. Solanum tuberosum, Solanum integrifolium or Solanum lycopersicum), Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia spp., Syzygium spp., Tagetes spp., Tamarindus indica, Theobroma cacao, Trifolium spp., Tripsacum dactyloides, Triticosecale rimpaui, Triticum spp. (e.g. Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum hybernum, Triticum macha, Triticum sativum, Triticum monococcum or Triticum vulgare), Tropaeolum minus, Tropaeolum majus, Vaccinium spp., Vicia spp., Vigna spp., Viola odorata, Vitis spp., Zea mays, Zizania palustris, Ziziphus spp., amongst others.

With respect to the sequences of the invention, a nucleic acid or a polypeptide sequence of plant origin has the characteristic of a codon usage optimised for expression in plants, and of the use of amino acids and regulatory sites common in plants, respectively. The plant of origin may be any plant, but preferably those plants as described in the previous paragraph.

Control Plant(s)

The choice of suitable control plants is a routine part of an experimental setup and may include corresponding wild type plants or corresponding plants without the gene of interest.

The control plant is typically of the same plant species or even of the same variety as the plant to be assessed. The control plant may also be a nullizygote of the plant to be assessed. Nullizygotes (or null control plants) are individuals missing the transgene by segregation. Further, control plants are grown under equal growing conditions to the growing conditions of the plants of the invention, i.e. in the vicinity of, and simultaneously with, the plants of the invention. A “control plant” as used herein refers not only to whole plants, but also to plant parts, including seeds and seed parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention shows that modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, gives plants having enhanced yield-related traits relative or compared to control plants. The terms “relative to” and “compared to” can be used interchangeably throughout the text of this patent application.

According to a first embodiment, the present invention provides a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, comprising modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, and optionally selecting for plants having enhanced yield-related traits. According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for producing plants having enhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants, wherein said method comprises the steps of modulating expression in said plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as described herein and optionally selecting for plants having enhanced yield-related traits.

A preferred method for modulating, preferably increasing, expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, is by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, respectively. With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, a preferred method for modulating, preferably increasing, expression of a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide is by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide.

Any reference hereinafter to a “protein useful in the methods of the invention” is taken to mean an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined herein. Any reference hereinafter to a “nucleic acid useful in the methods of the invention” is taken to mean a nucleic acid capable of encoding such an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide. In one embodiment any reference to a protein or nucleic acid “useful in the methods of the invention” is to be understood to mean proteins or nucleic acids “useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention”. The nucleic acid to be introduced into a plant (and therefore useful in performing the methods of the invention) is any nucleic acid encoding the type of protein which will now be described, hereafter also named “ELM2-related nucleic acid”, or “WRKY-related nucleic acid”, or “EMG1-like nucleic acid”, or “GPx-related nucleic acid”, or “ELM2-related gene”, or “WRKY-related gene”, or “EMG1-like gene”, or “GPx-related gene”.

The term “ELM2-related” or “ELM2-related polypeptide” as used herein also intends to include homologues as defined hereunder of “ELM2-related polypeptide”.

An “ELM2-related polypeptide” as defined herein refers to any polypeptide comprising one or more of the following motifs:

(i) (SEQ ID NO: 93) Motif 1: [I/V]GKGR[S/Q]DSC[G/R]CQV[Q/P][K/G]S[I/V] [K/E]CVRFH[I/V][T/A]E[R/K][S/R][S/A/L][R/K][V/L] [M/K][R/L] E[L/I]G[K/V/S]AF[N/Y][Q/H/A]W[R/G/N] [F/L]D[K/R][M/A]GEE, (ii) (SEQ ID NO: 94) Motif 2: [R/T/K]xFP[S/K][R/K][R/S/G]R[E/K][D/S/E] LVSYY[Y/F]NVFLL[Q/R]RR[A/G][N/Y]QNR[S/H/V]TP [D/N/K][S/N]I, (iii) (SEQ ID NO: 95) Motif 3: [P/S][I/P][T/R]xxIP[V/L]GP[V/N][F/H]QAE [V/I]PEWT, wherein x can be any amino acid.

Motifs 1 to 3 were derived using the MEME algorithm (Bailey and Elkan, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, pp. 28-36, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif., 1994). At each position within a MEME motif, the residues are shown that are present in the query set of sequences with a frequency higher than 0.2. Residues within square brackets represent alternatives.

Preferably, the ELM2-related polypeptide comprises in increasing order of preference, at least 2, or all 3 motifs.

Additionally or alternatively, the homologue of an ELM2-related protein has in increasing order of preference at least 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% overall sequence identity to the polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, provided that the homologous protein comprises any one or more of the motifs as outlined above. The overall sequence identity is determined using a global alignment algorithm, such as the Needleman Wunsch algorithm in the program GAP (GCG Wisconsin Package, Accelrys), preferably with default parameters and preferably with sequences of mature proteins (i.e. without taking into account secretion signals or transit peptides). In one embodiment the sequence identity level is determined by comparison of the polypeptide sequences over the entire length of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.

Compared to overall sequence identity, the sequence identity will generally be higher when only motifs are considered. Preferably the motifs in an ELM2-related polypeptide have, in increasing order of preference, at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one or more of the motifs represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95 (Motifs 1 to 3), provided that at least one of the motifs as represented in SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95 (Motifs 1 to 3) is present in the ELM2-related polypeptide.

In other words, in another embodiment a method is provided wherein said ELM2-related polypeptide comprises a motif with at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any of the motifs starting with amino acid 271 up to amino acid 320 in SEQ ID NO: 2, starting with amino acid 354 up to amino acid 388 in SEQ ID NO: 2 or starting with amino acid 220 up to amino acid 239 in SEQ ID NO: 2, provided the ELM2-related polypeptide comprises any one or more of the motifs as represented in SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95 (Motifs 1 to 3).

The WRKY-related polypeptide as used herein comprises a ‘WRKYGQK’ motif that is invariant in most WRKY domains and the cysteine and histidine residues of the zinc-finger motif that is conserved in WRKY domains. Particularly, the WRKY-related polypeptide comprises the zinc-finger motif being a C2H2 zinc finger and comprising one or more WRKY motifs, preferably WRKYGQK′ motif. Further, the WRKY-related polypeptide comprises a basic motif resembling a large T-antigen-type nuclear localization signal (NLS).

Particularly, the basic motif is NLS comprising ‘KKAR’ motif. The WRKY-related polypeptide also comprises a coiled-coil motif, preferably a WRKY-specific coiled-coil structure, more preferably a putative type II WRKY-specific coiled-coil structure, identified by ‘coils’ at the N-termini, and bulky hydrophobic residues that form the characteristic heptad repeat pattern of coiled coils. The WRKY-related polypeptide as used herein may also comprise three motifs as described herein above and exemplified in FIG. 8.

Concerning the search of the motifs as used and defined herein, the information given in InterPro database as InterPro entry IPR003657 provides further information thereon: The WRKY domain is a 60 amino acid region that is defined by the conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK at its N-terminal end, together with a zinc-finger-like motif. The WRKY domain is found in one or two copies in a superfamily of plant transcription factors involved in the regulation of various physiological programs that are unique to plants, including pathogen defence, senescence, trichome development and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The WRKY domain binds specifically to the DNA sequence motif (T)(T)TGAC(C/T), which is known as the W box. The invariant TGAC core of the W box is essential for function and WRKY binding.

Structural studies indicate that this domain is a four-stranded beta-sheet with a zinc binding pocket, forming a novel zinc and DNA binding structure. The WRKYGQK residues correspond to the most N-terminal beta-strand, which enables extensive hydrophobic interactions, contributing to the structural stability of the beta-sheet.

As used herein, the term “WRKY-related polypeptide” also intends to include homologues as defined hereunder of “WRKY-related polypeptide”.

Additionally or alternatively, the homologue of a WRKY-related polypeptide has in increasing order of preference at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% overall sequence identity to the polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 103, provided that the homologous protein comprises any one or more of the conserved motifs as outlined above. The overall sequence identity is determined using a global alignment algorithm, such as the Needleman Wunsch algorithm in the program GAP (GCG Wisconsin Package, Accelrys), preferably with default parameters and preferably with sequences of mature proteins (i.e. without taking into account secretion signals or transit peptides). In one embodiment the sequence identity level is determined by comparison of the polypeptide sequences over the entire length of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103.

WRKY-related polypeptide as used herein has DNA-binding activity. Hybridising sequences useful in the methods of the invention encode a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined herein, having substantially the same biological activity as the polypeptide sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section. Preferably, the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to the complement of any one of the nucleic acids given in Table A2 of the Examples section, or to a portion of any of these sequences, a portion being as defined above, or the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section. Most preferably, the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid as represented by SEQ ID NO: 102 or to a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the hybridization conditions are of medium stringency, preferably of high stringency, as defined above.

A “EMG1-like polypeptide” as defined herein refers to any polypeptide comprising an InterPro accession IPR005304 EMG1 domain corresponding to PFAM accession number PF03587. In a preferred embodiment, the EMG1-like polypeptide comprises an EMG1 domain having at least 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the EMG1 domain from amino acid 81 to 276 in SEQ ID NO: 179.

The term “EMG1-like” or “EMG1-like polypeptide” as used herein also intends to include homologues as defined hereunder of “EMG1-like polypeptide”.

Most preferably, the EMG1-like polypeptide further comprises one of the signature sequences or motifs represented by SEQ ID NO: 286, SEQ ID NO: 287 or SEQ ID NO: 288.

Motifs 4 to 6 were derived using the MEME algorithm (Bailey and Elkan, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, pp. 28-36, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif., 1994). At each position within a MEME motif, the residues are shown that are present in the query set of sequences with a frequency higher than 0.2. Residues within square brackets represent alternatives.

More preferably, the EMG1-like polypeptide comprises in increasing order of preference, at least 2, or all 3 motifs.

Additionally or alternatively, the homologue of a EMG1-like protein has in increasing order of preference at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% overall sequence identity to the polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179, provided that the homologous protein comprises any one or more of the conserved domains and/or motifs as outlined above. The overall sequence identity is determined using a global alignment algorithm, such as the Needleman Wunsch algorithm in the program GAP (GCG Wisconsin Package, Accelrys), preferably with default parameters and preferably with sequences of mature proteins (i.e. without taking into account secretion signals or transit peptides). In one embodiment the sequence identity level is determined by comparison of the polypeptide sequences over the entire length of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 179.

Compared to overall sequence identity, the sequence identity will generally be higher when only conserved domains or motifs are considered. Preferably the motifs in a EMG1-like polypeptide have, in increasing order of preference, at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one or more of the motifs represented by SEQ ID NO: 286 to SEQ ID NO: 288 (Motifs 4 to 6).

In other words, in another embodiment a method is provided wherein said EMG1-like polypeptide comprises a conserved motif with at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the conserved domain starting with amino acid 92 up to amino acid 141, amino acid 152 up to amino acid 201 and/or amino acid 232 up to amino acid 281 in SEQ ID NO: 179.

A “GPx-related polypeptide” as used and defined herein comprises peroxidase (Px) enzymes, particularly Glutathione peroxidise as described herein under Example 4. The GPx-related polypeptide” further comprises thioredoxin-like fold and/or thioredoxin fold protein as described herein under Example 4. Moreover, “GPx-related polypeptide” as used herein comprises twelve motifs and seven signatures as used and defined herein and further exemplified in FIG. 17.

According one embodiment, there is provided a method for improving yield-related traits as provided herein in plants relative to or compared to control plants, comprising modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide as defined herein.

In one embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide as used herein comprises one or more of the following signatures 1 to 6:

Signature 1 (SEQ ID NO: 373): G[K/R][L/V][I/L]LI[V/E/T]NVA[S/T/A][E/Q/L/Y][C/U]G [L/T]T Signature 2 (SEQ ID NO: 374): VNVAS[R/K/Q]CG Signature 3 (SEQ ID NO: 375): VN[T/V]A[S/T/A][R/K/E/Q/A]CG Signature 4 (SEQ ID NO: 376): VN[T/V]AS[K/R/H/L/Q]C[G/S/A] Signature 5 (SEQ ID NO: 377): LAFPCNQF Signature 6 (SEQ ID NO: 378): WNF[S/T]KF

In another embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide comprises in increasing order of preference, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or all 6 signatures as defined herein.

Motifs 7 to 18 were derived using the MEME algorithm (Bailey and Elkan, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, pp. 28-36, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif., 1994). At each position within a MEME motif, the residues are shown that are present in the query set of sequences with a frequency higher than 0.2. Residues within square brackets represent alternatives.

In one embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide as used herein comprises at least one of the motifs 7, 8 or 9.

Motif 7 (SEQ ID NO: 361): VN[V/A]AS[R/K/Q]CG Motif 8 (SEQ ID NO: 362): L[A/G]FP[S/C]NQF Motif 9 (SEQ ID NO: 363): WNF[S/T]KF

In a further embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide as used herein comprises at least one of the motifs represented by Group A comprising motifs 10 to 12:

Group A Motif 10 (SEQ ID NO: 364): EILAFPCNQFGGQEPG[S/T]NE[E/Q]I[V/Q][Q/E] Motif 11 (SEQ ID NO: 365): CTRFKAE[Y/F]PIFDKVDVNG[D/N]N[A/T]AP[L/I]YKFLKSSKGG Motif 12 (SEQ ID NO: 366): IKWNF[S/T]KFLVDK[E/D]G[N/H/R]W[D/E]RYAPTTSPLS[I/M]

In a further embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide as used herein comprises at least one of the motifs represented by Group B comprising motifs 13 to 15:

Group B Motif 13 (SEQ ID NO: 367): GKVL[L/I]IVNVASQCGLTNSNYT[E/D][L/M][T/S][Q/E]LYEKY KDQG[L/F]EILAFPCNQFGGQEP Motif 14 (SEQ ID NO: 368): CTRFKAE[Y/F]PIFDKVDVNGDN[A/T]AP[L/I]YKFLKSSKGG Motif 15 (SEQ ID NO: 369): FGD[S/G/N]IKWNF[S/T]KFLVDK[E/D]G[N/K/R]VV[D/E]RYAP TTSP[L/A]S[I/M]EKD[I/V]KKLL

In a further embodiment, the GPX-related polypeptide as used herein comprises at least one of the motifs represented by Group C comprising motifs 16 to 18:

Group C Motif 16 (SEQ ID NO: 370): FEILAFPCNQFGGQEPGTNEEIVQFACTRFKAEYPIFDKVDVNG Motif 17 (SEQ ID NO: 371): P[I/L]YKFLKSSKG[G/S]LFG[D/E][S/N]IKWNFSKFLVDKEG [H/R]VV[D/E]RYAPTTSPLS[I/M]EKDI Motif 18 (SEQ ID NO: 372): VHDFTVKDASGKDVDLS[T/V][Y/F]KGKVLLIVNVASQ

In still another embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide comprises in increasing order of preference, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, or all 12 motifs as defined herein.

Additionally or alternatively, the GPx-related polypeptide or protein has in increasing order of preference at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% overall sequence identity to the polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297, provided that the homologous protein comprises any one or more of the conserved motifs as outlined above. The overall sequence identity is determined using a global alignment algorithm, such as the Needleman Wunsch algorithm in the program GAP (GCG Wisconsin Package, Accelrys), preferably with default parameters and preferably with sequences of mature proteins (i.e. without taking into account secretion signals or transit peptides). In one embodiment the sequence identity level is determined by comparison of the polypeptide sequences over the entire length of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297.

In another embodiment, the sequence identity level is determined by comparison of one or more conserved domains or motifs in SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297 with corresponding conserved domains or motifs in other GPx-related polypeptides. Compared to overall sequence identity, the sequence identity will generally be higher when only conserved domains or motifs are considered. Preferably the motifs in a GPx-related polypeptide have, in increasing order of preference, at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one or more of the motifs represented by SEQ ID NO: 361 to SEQ ID NO: 378 (Motifs 7 to 18, Signatures 1 to 6).

The terms “domain”, “signature” and “motif” are defined in the “definitions” section herein.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the polypeptide sequence which when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 4, preferably clusters with the group of ELM2-related polypeptides (in bold) comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, indicated as Poptr_ELM2-related, rather than with any other group.

Furthermore, ELM2-related polypeptides, at least in their native form, typically have transcriptional repression activity, involved in inhibiting chromatin remodeling. Tools and techniques for measuring such activity are well known in the art and e.g. described in Ding et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 2003 January; 23(1):250-8.

In addition, ELM2-related polypeptides, when expressed in rice according to the methods of the present invention as outlined in Examples 7 and 8, give plants having increased yield related traits, in particular increased biomass and increased seed yield with amongst others increased total weight of seeds, increased number of (filled) seeds, increased fill rate, increased harvest index, increased number of florets.

In one embodiment of the present invention the function of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention is to confer information for synthesis of the ELM2-related polypeptide that increases yield or yield related traits, when such a nucleic acid sequence of the invention is transcribed and translated in a living plant cell.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, in addition, WRKY-related polypeptides, when expressed in rice according to the methods of the present invention as outlined in Examples 7 and 8, give plants having increased yield related traits, in particular one or more of emergence vigour (early vigour), total seed yield (Totalwgseeds), fillrate, TKW, number of filled seeds, taller more erect plants (HeightMax), amount of thick roots (RootThickMax). Moreover, one or more lines showed in one or more parameters an increase of number of florets per panicle on a plant (flowerperpan), increased harvestindex (HI), increased greenness of a plant before flowering (GNbfFlow), increased height of the plant (GravityYMax), increased quick early development (AreaEmer), increased Cycle Time (AreaCycl).

In one embodiment of the present invention the function of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention is to confer information for synthesis of the WRKY-related polypeptide that increases yield or yield related traits, when such a nucleic acid sequence of the invention is transcribed and translated in a living plant cell.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the polypeptide sequence which when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 13, preferably clusters with the group of EMG1-like polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179, indicated as P. trichocarpa EMG1-like, rather than with any other group.

Furthermore, EMG1-like polypeptides, at least in their native form, typically have RNA binding activity as e.g. described by Leulliot et al., Nucleic acid Res. 2008, 36(2), 629-39.

In addition, EMG1-like polypeptides, when expressed in rice according to the methods of the present invention as outlined in Examples 7 and 8, give plants having increased yield related traits, in particular seed yield, such as increased total seed weight, increased harvest index and increased fill rate.

In one embodiment of the present invention the function of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention is to confer information for synthesis of the EMG1-like polypeptide that increases yield or yield related traits, when such a nucleic acid sequence of the invention is transcribed and translated in a living plant cell.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the polypeptide sequence which when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 21, preferably clusters with the group of GPx-related polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297 rather than with any other group.

Furthermore, GPx-related polypeptides (at least in their native form) typically have enzymatic activity, particularly peroxidase activity. Tools and techniques for measuring enzymatic activity, particularly peroxidase activity are known in the art. In addition, nucleic acids encoding GPx-related polypeptides, when expressed in rice according to the methods of the present invention as outlined in Examples 7 and 8, give plants having increased yield related traits, in particular seed yield, seed size, number total seeds, fillrate, number of filled seeds as well as flowering time. Another function of the nucleic acid sequences encoding GPx-related polypeptides is to confer information for synthesis of the GPx-related protein that increases yield or yield related traits as described herein, when such a nucleic acid sequence of the invention is transcribed and translated in a living plant cell.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the present invention is illustrated by transforming plants with the nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and by transforming plants with the nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. However, performance of the invention is not restricted to these sequences; the methods of the invention may advantageously be performed using any ELM2-related-encoding nucleic acid or ELM2-related polypeptide as defined herein.

Further examples of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides are given in Table A1 of the Examples section herein. Such nucleic acids are useful in performing the methods of the invention. The polypeptide sequences given in Table A1 of the Examples section are example sequences of orthologues and paralogues of the ELM2-related polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, the terms “orthologues” and “paralogues” being as defined herein. Further orthologues and paralogues may readily be identified by performing a so-called reciprocal blast search as described in the definitions section; where the query sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, the second BLAST (back-BLAST) would be against Populus trichocarpa sequences or where the query sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4, the second BLAST (back-BLAST) would be against Medicago truncatula.

In a further preferred embodiment, a method is provided wherein said ELM2-related polypeptide comprises an Interpro accession IPR 000949, according to PFAM accession number PF01448 ELM2 domain.

In another embodiment a method is provided wherein said ELM2-related polypeptide comprises an ELM2 domain with at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the ELM2 domain starting with amino acid 225 up to amino acid 262 in SEQ ID NO: 2.

In another preferred embodiment, a method is provided wherein said nucleic acid encodes the polypeptide represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or a homologue thereof which has at least 90% overall sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, there is therefore provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from:

-   -   (i) a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide having         in increasing order of preference at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%,         54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,         67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%,         80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the         polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, provided the         ELM2-related polypeptide comprises any one or more of the motifs         as represented in SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95 (Motifs 1 to         3), and additionally or alternatively comprising one or more         motifs having in increasing order of preference at least 50%,         55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%         or more sequence identity to any one or more of the motifs given         in SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and further preferably         conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to control         plants.     -   (ii) a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes with a nucleic         acid molecule of (i) to (iii) under high stringency         hybridization conditions and preferably confers enhanced         yield-related traits relative to control plants.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, there is also provided an isolated polypeptide selected from:

-   -   (i) an amino acid sequence having, in increasing order of         preference, at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%,         58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%,         71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%,         84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,         97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the polypeptide sequence         represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, provided the ELM2-related         polypeptide comprises any one or more of the motifs as         represented in SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95 (Motifs 1 to 3),         and additionally or alternatively comprising one or more motifs         having in increasing order of preference at least 50%, 55%, 60%,         65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more         sequence identity to any one or more of the motifs given in SEQ         ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and further preferably conferring         enhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants;     -   (ii) derivatives of any of the amino acid sequences given in (i)         above.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, the present invention is illustrated by transforming plants with the nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 102, encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103. However, performance of the invention is not restricted to these sequences; the methods of the invention may advantageously be performed using any WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or WRKY-related polypeptide as defined herein.

Examples of nucleic acids encoding WRKY-related polypeptides are given in Table A2 of the Examples section herein. Such nucleic acids are useful in performing the methods of the invention. The polypeptide sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section are example sequences of orthologues and paralogues of the WRKY-related polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 103, the terms “orthologues” and “paralogues” being as defined herein. Further orthologues and paralogues may readily be identified by performing a so-called reciprocal blast search as described in the definitions section.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the present invention is illustrated by transforming plants with the nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 178, encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 179. However, performance of the invention is not restricted to these sequences; the methods of the invention may advantageously be performed using any EMG1-like-encoding nucleic acid or EMG1-like polypeptide as defined herein.

Examples of nucleic acids encoding EMG1-like polypeptides are given in Table A3 of the Examples section herein. Such nucleic acids are useful in performing the methods of the invention. The polypeptide acid sequences given in Table A3 of the Examples section are example sequences of orthologues and paralogues of the EMG1-like polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 179, the terms “orthologues” and “paralogues” being as defined herein. Further orthologues and paralogues may readily be identified by performing a so-called reciprocal blast search as described in the definitions section; where the query sequence is SEQ ID NO: 178 or SEQ ID NO: 179, the second BLAST (back-BLAST) would be against Populus trichocarpa sequences.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the present invention is illustrated by transforming plants with the nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NOs 292, 294 and 296 encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 and 297, respectively. However, performance of the invention is not restricted to these sequences; the methods of the invention may advantageously be performed using any GPx-related-encoding nucleic acid or GPx-related polypeptide as defined herein. The term “GPx-related” or “GPx-related polypeptide” as used herein also intends to include homologues as defined hereunder of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297.

Examples of nucleic acids encoding GPx-related polypeptides are given in Table A4 of the Examples section herein. Such nucleic acids are useful in performing the methods of the invention. The polypeptide sequences given in Table A4 of the Examples section are example sequences of orthologues and paralogues of the GPx-related polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297, the terms “orthologues” and “paralogues” being as defined herein. Further orthologues and paralogues may readily be identified by performing a so-called reciprocal blast search as described in the definitions section.

The invention also provides hitherto unknown GPx-related-encoding nucleic acids and GPx-related polypeptides useful for conferring enhanced yield-related traits in plants relative to or compared to control plants.

Nucleic acid variants may also be useful in practising the methods of the invention. Examples of such variants include nucleic acids encoding homologues and derivatives of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, the terms “homologue” and “derivative” being as defined herein. Also useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention are nucleic acids encoding homologues and derivatives of orthologues or paralogues of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section. Homologues and derivatives useful in the methods of the present invention have substantially the same biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived. Further variants useful in practicing the methods of the invention are variants in which codon usage is optimised or in which miRNA target sites are removed.

Further nucleic acid variants useful in practicing the methods of the invention include portions of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, nucleic acids hybridising to nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, splice variants of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, allelic variants of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides and variants of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, obtained by gene shuffling. The terms hybridising sequence, splice variant, allelic variant and gene shuffling are as described herein.

Nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, need not be full-length nucleic acids, since performance of the methods of the invention does not rely on the use of full-length nucleic acid sequences. According to the present invention, there is provided a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing and expressing in a plant a portion of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, or a portion of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section.

A portion of a nucleic acid may be prepared, for example, by making one or more deletions to the nucleic acid. The portions may be used in isolated form or they may be fused to other coding (or non-coding) sequences in order to, for example, produce a protein that combines several activities. When fused to other coding sequences, the resultant polypeptide produced upon translation may be bigger than that predicted for the protein portion.

With respect to the ELM2-related polypeptides, portions useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention, encode an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined herein, and have substantially the same biological activity as the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 of the Examples section. Preferably, the portion is a portion of any one of the nucleic acids given in Table A1 of the Examples section, or is a portion of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 of the Examples section. Preferably the portion is at least 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600, 2650, 2700, 2750, 2800, 2850, 2900 consecutive nucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A1 of the Examples section, or of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 of the Examples section. Most preferably the portion is a portion of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a portion of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 3. Preferably, the portion encodes a fragment of an amino acid sequence which, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 4, clusters with the group of ELM2-related polypeptides as indicated in bold, comprising the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and 4, rather than with any other group, and comprises any one or more of the motifs as represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and/or has transcriptional repression biological activity, and/or has at least 9% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, portions useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention, encode a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined herein, and have substantially the same biological activity as the amino acid sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section. Preferably, the portion is a portion of any one of the nucleic acids given in Table A2 of the Examples section, or is a portion of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section. Preferably the portion is at least 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000 consecutive nucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section, or of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A2 of the Examples section. Most preferably the portion is a portion of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 102.

With respect to EMG1-like polyeptides, portions useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention, encode a EMG1-like polypeptide as defined herein, and have substantially the same biological activity as the amino acid sequences given in Table A3 of the Examples section. Preferably, the portion is a portion of any one of the nucleic acids given in Table A3 of the Examples section, or is a portion of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A3 of the Examples section. Preferably the portion is at least 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600 consecutive nucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A3 of the Examples section, or of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A3 of the Examples section. Most preferably the portion is a portion of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 178. Preferably, the portion encodes a fragment of an amino acid sequence which, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 13, clusters with the group of EMG1-like polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179, indicated as P. trichocarpa EMG1-like, rather than with any other group, and/or comprises any of the motifs 4 to 6, and/or has RNA binding activity, and/or has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 179.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, portions useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention, encode a GPx-related polypeptide as defined herein or at least part thereof, and have substantially the same biological activity as the amino acid sequences given in Table A4 of the Examples section. Preferably, the portion is a portion of any one of the nucleic acids given in Table A4 of the Examples section, or is a portion of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A4 of the Examples section. Preferably the portion is at least 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 consecutive nucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A4 of the Examples section, or of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A4 of the Examples section. Most preferably the portion is a portion of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296. Preferably, the portion encodes a fragment of an amino acid sequence which comprises one or more motifs selected from a group consisting of motifs 7 to 18 as defined herein and/or one or more signatures 1 to 6 as defined herein, and/or has biological activity particularly enzymatic activity, more particularly peroxidase activity, and/or has at least 50% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention is a nucleic acid capable of hybridising, under reduced stringency conditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined herein, or with a portion as defined herein. According to the present invention, there is provided a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, or to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any one of the proteins given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section.

Hybridising sequences useful in the methods, constructs, plants, harvestable parts and products of the invention encode an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined herein, having substantially the same biological activity as the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section. Preferably, the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, or to a portion of any of these sequences, a portion being as defined herein, or the hybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of any one of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the hybridising sequence is most preferably capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid as represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or to a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the hybridization conditions are of medium stringency, preferably of high stringency, as defined above.

Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence which, when full-length and used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 4, clusters with the group of ELM2-related polypeptides as indicated in bold, comprising the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and 4, rather than with any other group, and comprises any one or more of the motifs as represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and/or has transcriptional repression biological activity, and/or has at least 9% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, the hybridising sequence most preferably is capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid as represented by SEQ ID NO: 102 or to a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the hybridization conditions are of medium stringency, preferably of high stringency, as defined above.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the hybridising sequence most preferably is capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid as represented by SEQ ID NO: 178 or to a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the hybridization conditions are of medium stringency, preferably of high stringency, as defined above.

Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence which, when full-length and used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 13, clusters with the group of EMG1-like polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179, indicated as P. trichocarpa EMG1-like, rather than with any other group, and/or comprises any of the motifs 4 to 6, and/or has RNA binding activity, and/or has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 179.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the hybridising sequence is most preferably capable of hybridising to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide as represented by SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297 or to a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the hybridization conditions are of medium stringency, preferably of high stringency, as defined herein.

Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence which comprises one or more motifs selected from a group consisting of motifs 7 to 18 as defined herein and/or one or more signatures 1 to 6 as defined herein, and/or has biological activity particularly enzymatic activity, more particularly peroxidase activity, and/or has at least 50% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is a splice variant encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined hereinabove, a splice variant being as defined herein.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing and expressing in a plant a splice variant of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, or a splice variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, preferred splice variants are splice variants of a nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or a splice variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the splice variant, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 4, clusters with the group of ELM2-related polypeptides as indicated in bold, comprising the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and 4, rather than with any other group, and comprises any one or more of the motifs as represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and/or has transcriptional repression biological activity, and/or has at least 9% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, preferred splice variants are splice variants of a nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 102, or a splice variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 103.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, preferred splice variants are splice variants of a nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 178, or a splice variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 179. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the splice variant, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 13, clusters with the group of EMG1-like polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179 rather than with any other group, and/or comprises any of the motifs 4 to 6, and/or has RNA binding activity, and/or has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 179.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, preferred splice variants are splice variants of a nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296, or a splice variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 293. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the splice variant comprises one or more motifs selected from a group consisting of motifs 7 to 18 as defined herein and/or one or more signatures 1 to 6 as defined herein, and/or has biological activity particularly enzymatic activity, more particularly peroxidase activity, and/or has at least 50% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in performing the methods of the invention is an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined hereinabove, an allelic variant being as defined herein.

In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing and expressing in a plant an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, or comprising introducing and expressing in a plant an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the polypeptides encoded by allelic variants useful in the methods of the present invention have substantially the same biological activity as the ELM2-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 and any of the amino acids depicted in Table A1 of the Examples section. Allelic variants exist in nature, and encompassed within the methods of the present invention is the use of these natural alleles. Preferably, the allelic variant is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the allelic variant, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 4, clusters with the group of ELM2-related polypeptides as indicated in bold, comprising the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and 4, rather than with any other group, and comprises any one or more of the motifs as represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and/or has transcriptional repression biological activity, and/or has at least 9% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, the polypeptides encoded by allelic variants useful in the methods of the present invention have substantially the same biological activity as the WRKY-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 103 and any of the amino acids depicted in Table A2 of the Examples section. Allelic variants exist in nature, and encompassed within the methods of the present invention is the use of these natural alleles. Preferably, the allelic variant is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 102 or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 103.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the polypeptides encoded by allelic variants useful in the methods of the present invention have substantially the same biological activity as the EMG1-like polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 179 and any of the amino acids depicted in Table A3 of the Examples section. Allelic variants exist in nature, and encompassed within the methods of the present invention is the use of these natural alleles. Preferably, the allelic variant is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 178 or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 179. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the allelic variant, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 13, clusters with the group of EMG1-like polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179 rather than with any other group, and/or comprises any of the motifs 4 to 6, and/or has RNA binding activity, and/or has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 179.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the polypeptides encoded by allelic variants useful in the methods of the present invention have substantially the same biological activity as the GPx-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295, or 297 and any of the amino acid sequences depicted in Table A4 of the Examples section. Allelic variants exist in nature, and encompassed within the methods of the present invention is the use of these natural alleles. Preferably, the allelic variant is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296 or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295, or 297. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the allelic variant comprises one or more motifs selected from a group consisting of motifs 7 to 18 as defined herein and/or one or more signatures 1 to 6 as defined herein, and/or has biological activity particularly enzymatic activity, more particularly peroxidase activity, and/or has at least 50% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 293, 295, or 297.

Gene shuffling or directed evolution may also be used to generate variants of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, as defined above; the term “gene shuffling” being as defined herein.

In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing and expressing in a plant a variant of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, or comprising introducing and expressing in a plant a variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table A1 to A4 of the Examples section, which variant nucleic acid is obtained by gene shuffling.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the amino acid sequence encoded by the variant nucleic acid obtained by gene shuffling, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree such as the one depicted in FIG. 4, preferably clusters with the group of ELM2-related polypeptides as indicated in bold, comprising the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 and 4, rather than with any other group, and comprises any one or more of the motifs as represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 to SEQ ID NO: 95, and/or has transcriptional repression biological activity, and/or has at least 9% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the amino acid sequence encoded by the variant nucleic acid obtained by gene shuffling, when used in the construction of a phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 13, preferably clusters with the group of EMG1-like polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 179 rather than with any other group, and/or comprises any of the motifs 4 to 6, and/or has RNA binding activity, and/or has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 179.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the amino acid sequence encoded by the variant nucleic acid obtained by gene shuffling preferably comprises one or more motifs selected from a group consisting of motifs 7 to 18 as defined herein and/or one or more signatures 1 to 6 as defined herein, and/or has biological activity particularly enzymatic activity, more particularly peroxidase activity, and/or has at least 50% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297.

Furthermore, nucleic acid variants may also be obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. Several methods are available to achieve site-directed mutagenesis, the most common being PCR based methods (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley Eds.).

ELM2-related polypeptides differing from the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 by one or several amino acids (substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) as defined above) may equally be useful to increase the yield of plants in the methods and constructs and plants of the invention.

Nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides may be derived from any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid may be modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate human manipulation. Preferably the ELM2-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is from a plant, further preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, more preferably from the family Salicaceae, most preferably the nucleic acid is from Populus trichocarpa. In an alternative more preferred embodiment, the ELM2-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is from the family Fabaceae, most preferably the nucleic acid is from Medicago truncatula. Preferably, the nucleic acid from Medicago truncatula is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 1.

WRKY-related polypeptides differing from the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 by one or several amino acids (substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) as defined above) may equally be useful to increase the yield of plants in the methods and constructs and plants of the invention.

Nucleic acids encoding WRKY-related polypeptides may be derived from any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid may be modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate human manipulation. Preferably the WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is from a plant, preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, further preferably from a leguminous plant, more preferably from the genus Medicago, most preferably from Medicago truncatula. Preferably, the nucleic acid from Medicago truncatula is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 102.

EMG1-like polypeptides differing from the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 179 by one or several amino acids (substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) as defined above) may equally be useful to increase the yield of plants in the methods and constructs and plants of the invention.

Nucleic acids encoding EMG1-like polypeptides may be derived from any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid may be modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate human manipulation. Preferably the EMG1-like polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is from a plant, further preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, more preferably from the family Salicaceae, most preferably the nucleic acid is from Populus trichocarpa. Preferably, the nucleic acid from Populus trichocarpa is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 178.

GPx-related polypeptides differing from the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297 by one or several amino acids (substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) as defined herein) may equally be useful to increase the yield of plants in the methods and constructs and plants of the invention.

Nucleic acids encoding GPx-related polypeptides may be derived from any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid may be modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate human manipulation. Preferably the GPx-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is from a plant, further preferably from a monocotyledonous plant, more preferably from the family Poaceae, most preferably the nucleic acid is from Oryza sativa. Preferably, the nucleic acid from Oryza sativa is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 292.

In another embodiment, the GPx-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is from a plant, further preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, more preferably from the family Salicaceae, more preferably from the genus Populus, most preferably the nucleic acid is from Populus trichocarpa. Preferably, the nucleic acid from Populus trichocarpa is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 294 or 296.

In another embodiment the present invention extends to recombinant chromosomal DNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence useful in the methods of the invention, wherein said nucleic acid is present in the chromosomal DNA as a result of recombinant methods, i.e. said nucleic acid is not in the chromosomal DNA in its natural genetic environment. In a further embodiment the recombinant chromosomal DNA of the invention is comprised in a plant cell. DNA comprised within a cell, particularly a cell with cell walls like a plant cell, is better protected from degradation than a bare nucleic acid sequence. The same holds true for a DNA construct comprised in a host cell, for example a plant cell.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants having enhanced yield-related traits. In particular performance of the methods of the invention gives plants having increased early vigour and/or increased yield, especially increased biomass and/or increased seed yield relative to or compared to control plants. The terms “early vigour” “yield” and “seed yield” are described in more detail in the “definitions” section herein.

Reference herein to enhanced yield-related traits is taken to mean an increase in early vigour and/or in biomass (weight) of one or more parts of a plant, which may include (i) aboveground parts and preferably aboveground harvestable parts and/or (ii) parts below ground and preferably harvestable below ground. In particular, such harvestable parts are seeds, and performance of the methods of the invention results in plants having increased seed yield relative to or compared to the seed yield of control plants. In another particular embodiment, such harvestable parts are aboveground biomass, and performance of the methods of the invention results in plants having increased biomass relative to or compared to the biomass of control plants.

The present invention provides a method for increasing yield-related traits, especially biomass and/or seed yield of plants, relative or compared to control plants, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined herein. The terms “relative to” and “compared to” can be used interchangeably.

The present invention also provides a method for increasing yield-related traits, especially seed yield of plants, relative to or compared to control plants, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined herein. The terms “relative to” and “compared to” can be used interchangeably.

The present invention also provides a method for increasing yield-related traits, especially seed yield of plants, relative to control plants, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide as defined herein. The terms “relative to” and “compared to” can be used interchangeably.

The present invention also provides a method for increasing yield-related traits, especially biomass and/or seed yield of plants, relative to or compared to control plants, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide as defined herein.

According to a preferred feature of the present invention, performance of the methods of the invention gives plants having an increased growth rate relative to control plants. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing the growth rate of plants, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined herein.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown under non-stress conditions or under mild drought conditions increased yield-related traits relative to control plants grown under comparable conditions. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits and/or yield in plants grown under non-stress conditions or under mild drought conditions, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, in one embodiment, performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown under abiotic conditions abiotic stress resistance.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown under conditions of drought, increased yield-related traits relative to control plants grown under comparable conditions. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits and/or yield in plants grown under conditions of drought which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown under conditions of nutrient deficiency, particularly under conditions of nitrogen deficiency, increased yield-related traits relative to control plants grown under comparable conditions. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits and/or yield in plants grown under conditions of nutrient deficiency, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown under conditions of salt stress, increased yield-related traits relative to control plants grown under comparable conditions. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits and/or yield in plants grown under conditions of salt stress, which method comprises modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide.

The invention also provides genetic constructs and vectors to facilitate introduction and/or expression in plants of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides. The gene constructs may be inserted into vectors, which may be commercially available, suitable for transforming into plants or host cells and suitable for expression of the gene of interest in the transformed cells. The invention also provides use of a gene construct as defined herein in the methods of the invention.

More specifically, the present invention provides a construct comprising:

-   -   (a) a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a         WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a         GPx-related polypeptide, as defined above;     -   (b) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression         of the nucleic acid sequence of (a); and optionally     -   (c) a transcription termination sequence.

Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, is as defined above. The term “control sequence” and “termination sequence” are as defined herein.

The genetic construct of the invention may be comprised in a host cell, plant cell, seed, agricultural product or plant. Plants or host cells are transformed with a genetic construct such as a vector or an expression cassette comprising any of the nucleic acids described above. Thus the invention furthermore provides plants or host cells transformed with a construct as described above. In particular, the invention provides plants transformed with a construct as described above, which plants have increased yield-related traits as described herein.

In one embodiment the genetic construct of the invention confers increased yield or yield related traits to a plant when it has been introduced into said plant, which plant expresses the nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide, or the WRKY-related polypeptide, or the EMG1-like polypeptide, or the GPx-related polypeptide, comprised in the genetic construct. In another embodiment the genetic construct of the invention confers increased yield or yield related traits(s) to a plant comprising plant cells in which the construct has been introduced, which plant cells express the nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide, or the WRKY-related polypeptide, or the EMG1-like polypeptide, or the GPx-related polypeptide, comprised in the genetic construct.

The promoter in such a genetic construct may be a non-native promoter to the nucleic acid described above, i.e. a promoter not regulating the expression of said nucleic acid in its native surrounding. The expression cassettes or the genetic construct of the invention may be comprised in a host cell, plant cell, seed, agricultural product or plant.

The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the genetic construct in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells containing the sequence of interest. The sequence of interest is operably linked to one or more control sequences (at least to a promoter).

Advantageously, any type of promoter, whether natural or synthetic, may be used to drive expression of the nucleic acid sequence, but preferably the promoter is of plant origin. A constitutive promoter is particularly useful in the methods. See the “Definitions” section herein for definitions of the various promoter types. With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, and GPx-related polypeptides, also useful in the methods of the invention is a root-specific promoter.

The constitutive promoter is preferably a ubiquitous constitutive promoter of medium strength. More preferably, it is a plant derived promoter, e.g. a promoter of plant chromosomal origin, such as a GOS2 promoter or a promoter of substantially the same strength and having substantially the same expression pattern (a functionally equivalent promoter), more preferably the promoter is the GOS2 promoter from rice. Further preferably, the constitutive promoter is represented by a nucleic acid sequence substantially similar to SEQ ID NO: 97, or to SEQ ID NO: 174, or to SEQ ID NO: 289, or to SEQ ID NO: 379, most preferably the constitutive promoter is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 97, or SEQ ID NO: 174, or SEQ ID NO: 289, or SEQ ID NO: 379. See the “Definitions” section herein for further examples of constitutive promoters.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, and GPx-related polypeptides, according to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid encoding a WRKY-related polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, is operably linked to a root-specific promoter. The root-specific promoter is preferably an RCc3 promoter (Plant Mol Biol. 1995 January; 27(2):237-48) or a promoter of substantially the same strength and having substantially the same expression pattern (a functionally equivalent promoter), more preferably the RCc3 promoter is from rice, further preferably the RCc3 promoter is represented by a nucleic acid sequence substantially similar to SEQ ID NO: 175, or to SEQ ID NO: 380, most preferably the promoter is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 175, or SEQ ID NO: 380. Examples of other root-specific promoters which may also be used to perform the methods of the invention are shown in Table 2b in the “Definitions” section.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, it should be clear that the applicability of the present invention is not restricted to the ELM2-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted to expression of an ELM2-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid when driven by a constitutive promoter.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in the construct introduced into a plant. Preferably, the construct comprises an expression cassette comprising a GOS2 promoter, substantially similar to SEQ ID NO: 97, operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide. More preferably, the construct comprises a zein terminator (t-zein) linked to the 3′ end of the ELM2-related coding sequence. Most preferably, the expression cassette comprises a sequence having in increasing order of preference at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% identity to the sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 96 (pPRO::ELM2-related::t-zein sequence). Furthermore, one or more sequences encoding selectable markers may be present on the construct introduced into a plant.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, it should be clear that the applicability of the present invention is not restricted to the WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 102, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted to expression of a WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid when driven by a constitutive promoter, or when driven by a root-specific promoter.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in the construct introduced into a plant. Preferably, the construct comprises an expression cassette comprising a GOS2 promoter, substantially similar to SEQ ID NO: 174, operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding WRKY-related polypeptide. More preferably, the construct comprises a zein terminator (t-zein) linked to the 3′ end of the WRKY-related polypeptide coding sequence. Furthermore, one or more sequences encoding selectable markers may be present on the construct introduced into a plant.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, it should be clear that the applicability of the present invention is not restricted to the EMG1-like polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 178, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted to expression of a EMG1-like polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid when driven by a constitutive promoter.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in the construct introduced into a plant. Preferably, the construct comprises an expression cassette comprising a GOS2 promoter, substantially similar to SEQ ID NO: 289, operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the EMG1-like polypeptide. More preferably, the construct comprises a zein terminator (t-zein) linked to the 3′ end of the EMG1-like coding sequence. Furthermore, one or more sequences encoding selectable markers may be present on the construct introduced into a plant.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, it should be clear that the applicability of the present invention is not restricted to the GPx-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted to the rice GOS2 promoter when expression of a GPx-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is driven by a constitutive promoter, or when driven by a root-specific promoter.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in the construct introduced into a plant. Those skilled in the art will be aware of terminator sequences that may be suitable for use in performing the invention. Preferably, the construct comprises an expression cassette comprising a GOS2 promoter, substantially similar to SEQ ID NO: 379, operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the GPx-related polypeptide. More preferably, the construct furthermore comprises a zein terminator (t-zein) linked to the 3′ end of the GPx-related coding sequence.

According to a preferred feature of the invention, the modulated expression is increased expression. Methods for increasing expression of nucleic acids or genes, or gene products, are well documented in the art and examples are provided in the definitions section.

As mentioned above, a preferred method for modulating expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, is by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, respectively; however the effects of performing the method, i.e. enhancing yield-related traits may also be achieved using other well known techniques, including but not limited to T-DNA activation tagging, TILLING, homologous recombination. A description of these techniques is provided in the definitions section.

The invention also provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having enhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants, comprising introduction and expression in a plant of any nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined herein.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the present invention more specifically provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having enhanced yield-related traits, particularly increased yield, more in particular increased biomass and increased seed yield, which method comprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell an         ELM2-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or a genetic         construct comprising an ELM2-related polypeptide-encoding         nucleic acid; and     -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant         growth and development.

The nucleic acid of (i) may be any of the nucleic acids capable of encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined herein. Preferably the nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide and to be introduced into the plant is an isolated nucleic acid or is comprised in a genetic construct as described above.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, the present invention more specifically provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having enhanced yield-related traits, particularly increased yield, which method comprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a         WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or a genetic         construct comprising a WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic         acid; and     -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant         growth and development.

The nucleic acid of (i) may be any of the nucleic acids capable of encoding a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined herein. Preferably the nucleic acid encoding the WRKY-related polypeptide and to be introduced into the plant is an isolated nucleic acid or is comprised in a genetic construct as described above.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the present invention more specifically provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having enhanced yield-related traits, particularly increased seed yield, which method comprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a         EMG1-like polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or a genetic         construct comprising a EMG1-like polypeptide-encoding nucleic         acid; and     -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant         growth and development.

The nucleic acid of (i) may be any of the nucleic acids capable of encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide as defined herein. Preferably the nucleic acid encoding the EMG1-like polypeptide and to be introduced into the plant is an isolated nucleic acid or is comprised in a genetic construct as described above.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the present invention more specifically provides a method for the production of transgenic plants having enhanced yield-related traits, particularly increased (seed) yield, which method comprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a         GPx-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or a genetic         construct comprising a GPx-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic         acid; and     -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant         growth and development.

The nucleic acid of (i) may be any of the nucleic acids capable of encoding a GPx-related polypeptide as defined herein. Preferably the nucleic acid encoding the GPx-related polypeptide and to be introduced into the plant is an isolated nucleic acid or is comprised in a genetic construct as described above.

Cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant growth and development, may or may not include regeneration and/or growth to maturity. Accordingly, in a particular embodiment of the invention, the plant cell transformed by the method according to the invention is regenerable into a transformed plant. In another particular embodiment, the plant cell transformed by the method according to the invention is not regenerable into a transformed plant, i.e. cells that are not capable to regenerate into a plant using cell culture techniques known in the art. While plants cells generally have the characteristic of totipotency, some plant cells can not be used to regenerate or propagate intact plants from said cells. In one embodiment of the invention the plant cells of the invention are such cells. In another embodiment the plant cells of the invention are plant cells that do not sustain themselves in an autotrophic way, such plant cells are not deemed to represent a plant variety. One example are plant cells that do not sustain themselves through photosynthesis by synthesizing carbohydrate and protein from such inorganic substances as water, carbon dioxide and mineral salt. In a further embodiment the plant cells of the invention are non-plant variety and non-propagative.

The nucleic acid may be introduced directly into a plant cell or into the plant itself (including introduction into a tissue, organ or any other part of a plant). According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the nucleic acid is preferably introduced into a plant or plant cell by transformation. The term “transformation” is described in more detail in the “definitions” section herein.

In one embodiment the present invention extends to any plant cell or plant produced by any of the methods described herein, and to all plant parts and propagules thereof.

The present invention encompasses plants or parts thereof (including seeds) obtainable by the methods according to the present invention. The plants or plant parts or plant cells comprise a nucleic acid transgene encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide as defined above, preferably in a genetic construct such as an expression cassette. The present invention extends further to encompass the progeny of a primary transformed or transfected cell, tissue, organ or whole plant that has been produced by any of the aforementioned methods, the only requirement being that progeny exhibit the same genotypic and/or phenotypic characteristic(s) as those produced by the parent in the methods according to the invention.

In a further embodiment the invention extends to seeds recombinantly comprising the expression cassettes of the invention, the genetic constructs of the invention, or the nucleic acids encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide, or WRKY-related polypeptide, or EMG1-like polypeptide, or GPx-related polypeptide, and/or the ELM2-related polypeptides, or the WRKY-related polypeptides, or the EMG1-like polypeptides, or the GPx-related polypeptides respectively, as described above.

The invention also includes host cells containing an isolated nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, as defined above. In one embodiment host cells according to the invention are plant cells, yeasts, bacteria or fungi. Host plants for the nucleic acids, construct, expression cassette or the vector used in the method according to the invention are, in principle, advantageously all plants which are capable of synthesizing the polypeptides used in the inventive method. In a particular embodiment the plant cells of the invention overexpress the nucleic acid molecule of the invention.

The methods of the invention are advantageously applicable to any plant, in particular to any plant as defined herein. Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the invention include all plants which belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including fodder or forage legumes, ornamental plants, food crops, trees or shrubs. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the plant is a crop plant. Examples of crop plants include but are not limited to chicory, carrot, cassava, trefoil, soybean, beet, sugar beet, sunflower, canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, linseed, cotton, tomato, potato and tobacco. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant. Examples of monocotyledonous plants include sugarcane. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the plant is a cereal. Examples of cereals include rice, maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, triticale, sorghum, emmer, spelt, einkorn, teff, milo and oats. In a particular embodiment the plants of the invention or used in the methods of the invention are selected from the group consisting of maize, wheat, rice, soybean, cotton, oilseed rape including canola, sugarcane, sugar beet and alfalfa. Advantageously the methods of the invention are more efficient than the known methods, because the plants of the invention have increased yield and/or tolerance to an environmental stress compared to control plants used in comparable methods.

The invention also extends to harvestable parts of a plant such as, but not limited to seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, roots, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs, which harvestable parts comprise a recombinant nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide. The invention furthermore relates to products derived or produced, preferably directly derived or directly produced, from a harvestable part of such a plant, such as dry pellets, meal or powders, oil, fat and fatty acids, starch or proteins. In one embodiment the product comprises a recombinant nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, and/or a recombinant an ELM2-related polypeptide, or WRKY-related polypeptide, or EMG1-like polypeptide, or GPx-related polypeptide, for example as an indicator of the particular quality of the product.

The invention also includes methods for manufacturing a product comprising a) growing the plants of the invention and b) producing said product from or by the plants of the invention or parts thereof, including seeds. In a further embodiment the methods comprise the steps of a) growing the plants of the invention, b) removing the harvestable parts as described herein from the plants and c) producing said product from, or with the harvestable parts of plants according to the invention.

In one embodiment the products produced by the methods of the invention are plant products such as, but not limited to, a foodstuff, feedstuff, a food supplement, feed supplement, fiber, cosmetic or pharmaceutical. In another embodiment the methods for production are used to make agricultural products such as, but not limited to, plant extracts, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, oils, polymers, vitamins, and the like.

In yet another embodiment the polynucleotides or the polypeptides of the invention are comprised in an agricultural product. In a particular embodiment the nucleic acid sequences and protein sequences of the invention may be used as product markers, for example where an agricultural product was produced by the methods of the invention. Such a marker can be used to identify a product to have been produced by an advantageous process resulting not only in a greater efficiency of the process but also improved quality of the product due to increased quality of the plant material and harvestable parts used in the process. Such markers can be detected by a variety of methods known in the art, for example but not limited to PCR based methods for nucleic acid detection or antibody based methods for protein detection.

The present invention also encompasses use of nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, as described herein and use of these ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, in enhancing any of the aforementioned yield-related traits in plants. For example, nucleic acids encoding the ELM2-related polypeptides, or the WRKY-related polypeptides, or the EMG1-like polypeptides, or the GPx-related polypeptides, themselves, may find use in breeding programmes in which a DNA marker is identified which may be genetically linked to above described polypeptide-encoding gene. The nucleic acids/genes, or the ELM2-related polypeptides, or the WRKY-related polypeptides, or the EMG1-like polypeptides, or the GPx-related polypeptides, themselves may be used to define a molecular marker. This DNA or protein marker may then be used in breeding programmes to select plants having enhanced yield-related traits as defined herein in the methods of the invention. Furthermore, allelic variants of a nucleic acid/gene encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, or a WRKY-related polypeptide, or an EMG1-like polypeptide, or a GPx-related polypeptide, may find use in marker-assisted breeding programmes. Nucleic acids encoding ELM2-related polypeptides, or WRKY-related polypeptides, or EMG1-like polypeptides, or GPx-related polypeptides, may also be used as probes for genetically and physically mapping the genes that they are a part of, and as markers for traits linked to those genes. Such information may be useful in plant breeding in order to develop lines with desired phenotypes.

In the following, the expression “as defined in claim/embodiment X” is meant to direct the artisan to apply the definition as disclosed in claim/embodiment X. For example, “a nucleic acid as defined in embodiment 1” has to be understood so that the definition of the nucleic acid as in embodiment 1 is to be applied to the nucleic acid. In consequence the term “as defined in item” or “as defined in claim” may be replaced with the corresponding definition of that embodiment or claim, respectively.

With respect to ELM2-related polypeptides, the present invention moreover relates to the following specific embodiments:

-   1. A method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants relative to     control plants, comprising modulating expression in a plant of a     nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related poly-peptide, wherein said     ELM2-related polypeptide comprises an Interpro accession IPR 000949,     according to PFAM accession number PF01448 ELM2 domain. -   2. Method according to embodiment 1, wherein said ELM2-related     polypeptide comprises one or more motifs having at least 80%     sequence identity with one or more of the following motifs:

(i) Motif 1: [I/V]GKGR[S/Q]DSC[G/R]CQV[Q/P][K/G]S[I/V] [K/E]CVRFH[I/V][T/A]E[R/K][SR][S/A/L][R/K][V/L] [M/K][R/L]E[L/I]G[K/V/S]AF[N/Y][Q/H/A]W[R/G/N] [F/L]D[K/R][M/A]GEE represented by SEQ ID NO: 93, (ii) Motif 2: [R/T/K]xFP[S/K][R/K][R/S/G]R[E/K][D/S/E] LVSYY[Y/F]NVFLL[Q/R]RR[A/G][N/Y]QNR[S/H/V]TP [D/N/K][S/N]I represented by SEQ ID NO: 94, (iii) Motif 3: [P/S][I/P][T/R]xxIP[V/L]GP[V/N][F/H]QAE [V/I]PEWT represented by SEQ ID NO: 95

-   -   wherein x can be any amino acid.

-   3. Method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said modulated     expression is effected by introducing and expressing in a plant said     nucleic acid encoding said ELM2-related polypeptide.

-   4. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits comprise increased yield relative to     control plants, and preferably comprise increased biomass and/or     increased seed yield relative to control plants.

-   5. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under non-stress     conditions.

-   6. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under conditions of     drought stress, salt stress or nitrogen deficiency.

-   7. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide is of plant     origin, preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, further preferably     from the family Salicaceae, more preferably from the genus Populus,     most preferably from Populus trichocarpa.

-   8. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide is of plant     origin, preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, further preferably     from the family Fabaceae, more preferably from the genus Medicago,     most preferably from Medicago truncatula.

-   9. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related encodes any one of the     polypeptides listed in Table A1 or is a portion of such a nucleic     acid, or a nucleic acid capable of hybridising with such a nucleic     acid.

-   10. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein said     nucleic acid sequence encodes an orthologue or paralogue of any of     the polypeptides given in Table A1.

-   11. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein said     nucleic acid encodes the polypeptide represented by any one of SEQ     ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or a homologue thereof which has at least     90% overall sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.

-   12. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein said     nucleic acid is operably linked to a constitutive promoter,     preferably to a medium strength constitutive promoter, preferably to     a plant promoter, more preferably to a GOS2 promoter, most     preferably to a GOS2 promoter from rice.

-   13. Plant, plant part thereof, including seeds, or plant cell,     obtainable by a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12,     wherein said plant, plant part or plant cell comprises a recombinant     nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined in any     of embodiments 1 and 6 to 11.

-   14. Construct comprising:     -   (i) nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined         in any of embodiments 1 and 6 to 11;     -   (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression         of the nucleic acid sequence of (i); and optionally     -   (iii) a transcription termination sequence.

-   15. Construct according to embodiment 14, wherein one of said     control sequences is a constitutive promoter, preferably a medium     strength constitutive promoter, preferably to a plant promoter, more     preferably a GOS2 promoter, most preferably a GOS2 promoter from     rice.

-   16. Use of a construct according to embodiment 14 or 15 in a method     for making plants having enhanced yield-related traits, preferably     increased yield relative to control plants, and more preferably     increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to control     plants.

-   17. Plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with a construct     according to embodiment 14 or 15.

-   18. Method for the production of a transgenic plant having enhanced     yield-related traits relative to control plants, preferably     increased yield relative to control plants, and more preferably     increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to control     plants, comprising:     -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant cell or plant a         nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined in         any of embodiments 1 and 6 to 11; and     -   (ii) cultivating said plant cell or plant under conditions         promoting plant growth and development.

-   19. Transgenic plant having enhanced yield-related traits relative     to control plants, preferably increased yield relative to control     plants, and more preferably increased seed yield and/or increased     biomass, resulting from modulated expression of a nucleic acid     encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined in any of     embodiments 1 and 6 to 11 or a transgenic plant cell derived from     said transgenic plant.

-   20. Transgenic plant according to embodiment 13, 17 or 19, or a     transgenic plant cell derived therefrom, wherein said plant is a     crop plant, such as beet, sugarbeet or alfalfa; or a     monocotyledonous plant such as sugarcane; or a cereal, such as rice,     maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, triticale, sorghum, emmer, spelt,     einkorn, teff, milo or oats.

-   21. Harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 20, wherein     said harvestable parts are preferably shoot biomass and/or seeds.

-   22. Products derived from a plant according to embodiment 20 and/or     from harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 21.

-   23. Use of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as     defined in any of embodiments 1 and 6 to 11 for enhancing     yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants,     preferably for increasing yield, and more preferably for increasing     seed yield and/or for increasing biomass in plants relative to     control plants.

-   24. A method for manufacturing a product comprising the steps of     growing the plants according to embodiment 13, 17, 20 or 21 and     producing said product from or by said plants; or parts thereof,     including seeds.

-   25. Construct according to embodiment 14 or 15 comprised in a plant     cell.

-   26. Recombinant chromosomal DNA comprising the construct according     to embodiment 14 or 15.

-   27. A method of growing a transgenic plant comprising:     -   a. planting a transformed seed comprising a nucleic acid         sequence as defined in any of embodiments 1 and 6 to 11;     -   b. growing a plant from said seed.

With respect to WRKY-related polypeptides, the present invention moreover relates to the following specific embodiments:

-   1. A method for enhancing yield in plants relative to or compared to     control plants, comprising modulating expression in a plant of a     nucleic acid molecule encoding a WRKY-related polypeptide,     preferably comprising one or more motifs selected from a group     consisting of WRKYGQ motif, basic motif, coiled coil motif as     defined herein. -   2. Method according to embodiment 1, wherein said modulated     expression is effected by introducing and expressing in a plant a     nucleic acid molecule encoding a WRKY-related polypeptide. -   3. Method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said polypeptide     is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid     molecule selected from the group consisting of:     -   (i) a nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 102;     -   (ii) the complement of a nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO:         102;     -   (iii) a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide as represented by         SEQ ID NO: 103, preferably as a result of the degeneracy of the         genetic code, said isolated nucleic acid can be deduced from a         polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103 and         further preferably confers enhanced yield-related traits         relative to or compared to control plants;     -   (iv) a nucleic acid having, in increasing order of preference at         least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%,         41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%,         54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,         67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%,         80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the         nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102, and further preferably         conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared         to control plants, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a         polypeptide that is not the polypeptide of the polypeptide         sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   (v) a first nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes with a second         nucleic acid molecule of (i) to (iv) under stringent         hybridization conditions and preferably confers enhanced         yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants,         wherein the first nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide that is not         the polypeptide of any of the polypeptide sequence as         represented by SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   (vi) a nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide having, in         increasing order of preference, at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%,         54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,         67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%,         80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the         amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 103 and preferably         conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared         to control plants; or     -   (vii) a nucleic acid comprising any combination(s) of features         of (i) to (vi) above. -   4. Method according to any embodiment 1 to 3, wherein said enhanced     yield-related traits comprise one or more of increased yield,     preferably increase of emergence vigour, total seed yield, fill     rate, TKW, number of filled seeds, taller more erect plants, amount     of thick roots, number of florets per panicle on a plant, increased     harvest index, increased greenness of a plant before flowering,     increased height of the plant, increased quick early development,     increased cycle time relative to or compared to control plants. -   5. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under non-stress     conditions. -   6. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under conditions of     drought stress, salt stress or nitrogen deficiency. -   7. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said     nucleic acid is operably linked to a constitutive promoter,     preferably to a GOS2 promoter, most preferably to a GOS2 promoter     from rice. -   8. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein said     nucleic acid molecule or said polypeptide, respectively, is of plant     origin, preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, further preferably     from a leguminous plant, more preferably from the genus Medicago,     most preferably from Medicago truncatula. -   9. Plant or part thereof, including seeds, obtainable by a method     according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein said plant or     part thereof comprises a recombinant nucleic acid encoding said     polypeptide as defined in any one of embodiments 1, 3 or 8 -   10. Construct comprising:     -   (i) nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide as defined in any one         of embodiments 1, 3 or 8;     -   (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression         of the nucleic acid sequence of (a); and optionally     -   (iii) a transcription termination sequence. -   11. Construct according to embodiment 10, wherein one of said     control sequences is a constitutive promoter, preferably a GOS2     promoter, most preferably a GOS2 promoter from rice. -   12. Use of a construct according to embodiment 10 or 11 in a method     for making plants having increased yield, particularly seed yield     and/or shoot biomass relative to or compared to control plants. -   13. Plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with a construct     according to embodiment 10 or 11 or obtainable by a method according     to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein said plant or part thereof     comprises a recombinant nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide as     defined in any one of embodiments 1, 3 or 8. -   14. Method for the production of a transgenic plant having increased     yield, particularly increased biomass and/or increased seed yield     relative to or compared to control plants, comprising:     -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid         encoding said polypeptide as defined in any one of embodiments         1, 3 or 8; and     -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant         growth and development. -   15. Plant having increased yield, particularly increased biomass     and/or increased seed yield, relative to or compared to control     plants, resulting from modulated expression of a nucleic acid     encoding said polypeptide, or a transgenic plant cell originating     from or being part of said transgenic plant. -   16. A method for the production of a product comprising the steps of     growing the plants of the invention and producing said product from     or by     -   (a) the plants of the invention; or     -   (b) parts, including seeds, of these plants. -   17. Plant according to embodiment 9, 13 or 15 or a transgenic plant     cell originating thereof, or a method according to embodiment 16,     wherein said plant is a crop plant, preferably a dicot such as sugar     beet, alfalfa, trefoil, chicory, carrot, cassava, cotton, soybean,     canola or a monocot, such as sugarcane, or a cereal, such as rice,     maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, triticale, sorghum emmer, spelt,     secale, einkorn, teff, milo and oats. -   18. Harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 9, 13 or 15     wherein said harvestable parts are preferably shoot and/or root     biomass and/or seeds. -   19. Products produced from a plant according to embodiment 9, 13 or     15 and/or from harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment     17. -   20. Use of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide as defined in any     one of embodiments 1, 3 or 8 in increasing yield, particularly seed     yield and/or shoot biomass relative to or compared to control     plants. -   21. Construct according to embodiment 10 or 11 comprised in a plant     cell. -   22. Recombinant chromosomal DNA comprising the construct according     to embodiment 10 or 11.

With respect to EMG1-like polypeptides, the present invention moreover relates to the following specific embodiments:

-   1. A method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants relative to     control plants, comprising modulating expression in a plant of a     nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide, wherein said     EMG1-like polypeptide comprises an InterPro accession IPR005304 EMG1     domain corresponding to PFAM accession number PF03587. -   2. A method according to embodiment 1, wherein said EMG1-like     polypeptide comprises an EMG1 domain having at least 60% sequence     identity with the EMG1 domain from amino acid 81 to 276 in SEQ ID     NO: 179. -   3. A method according to any of the embodiments 1 or 2, wherein said     EMG1-like polypeptide further comprises one of the motifs     represented by SEQ ID NO: 286, SEQ ID NO: 287 or SEQ ID NO: 288. -   4. Method according to any of the embodiments 1 to 3, wherein said     modulated expression is effected by introducing and expressing in a     plant said nucleic acid encoding said EMG1-like polypeptide. -   5. Method according to any of the embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits comprise increased yield relative to     control plants, and preferably comprise increased biomass and/or     increased seed yield relative to control plants. -   6. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under non-stress     conditions. -   7. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under conditions of     drought stress, salt stress or nitrogen deficiency. -   8. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like is of plant origin, preferably     from a dicotyledonous plant, further preferably from the family     Salicaceae, more preferably from the genus Populus, most preferably     from Populus trichocarpa. -   9. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide encodes any one of     the polypeptides listed in Table A3 or is a portion of such a     nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid capable of hybridising with such a     nucleic acid. -   10. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein said     nucleic acid sequence encodes an orthologue or paralogue of any of     the polypeptides given in Table A3. -   11. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein said     nucleic acid encodes the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 179. -   12. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein said     nucleic acid is operably linked to a constitutive promoter,     preferably to a medium strength constitutive promoter, preferably to     a plant promoter, more preferably to a GOS2 promoter, most     preferably to a GOS2 promoter from rice. -   13. Plant, plant part thereof, including seeds, or plant cell,     obtainable by a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12,     wherein said plant, plant part or plant cell comprises a recombinant     nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide as defined in any of     embodiments 1 to 3 and 8 to 12. -   14. Construct comprising:     -   (i) nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like as defined in any of         embodiments 1 to 3 and 8 to 12;     -   (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression         of the nucleic acid sequence of (i); and optionally     -   (iii) a transcription termination sequence. -   15. Construct according to embodiment 14, wherein one of said     control sequences is a constitutive promoter, preferably a medium     strength constitutive promoter, preferably to a plant promoter, more     preferably a GOS2 promoter, most preferably a GOS2 promoter from     rice. -   16. Use of a construct according to embodiment 14 or 15 in a method     for making plants having enhanced yield-related traits, preferably     increased yield relative to control plants, and more preferably     increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to control     plants. -   17. Plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with a construct     according to embodiment 14 or 15. -   18. Method for the production of a transgenic plant having enhanced     yield-related traits relative to control plants, preferably     increased yield relative to control plants, and more preferably     increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to control     plants, comprising:     -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant cell or plant a         nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide as defined in any         of embodiments 1 to 3 and 8 to 12; and     -   (ii) cultivating said plant cell or plant under conditions         promoting plant growth and development. -   19. Transgenic plant having enhanced yield-related traits relative     to control plants, preferably increased yield relative to control     plants, and more preferably increased seed yield and/or increased     biomass, resulting from modulated expression of a nucleic acid     encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide as defined in any of embodiments 1     to 3 and 8 to 12 or a transgenic plant cell derived from said     transgenic plant. -   20. Transgenic plant according to embodiment 13, 17 or 19, or a     transgenic plant cell derived therefrom, wherein said plant is a     crop plant, such as beet, sugarbeet or alfalfa; or a     monocotyledonous plant such as sugarcane; or a cereal, such as rice,     maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, triticale, sorghum, emmer, spelt,     einkorn, teff, milo or oats. -   21. Harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 20, wherein     said harvestable parts are preferably shoot biomass and/or seeds. -   22. Products derived from a plant according to embodiment 20 and/or     from harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 21. -   23. Use of a nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide as     defined in any of embodiments 1 to 3 and 8 to 12 for enhancing     yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants,     preferably for increasing yield, and more preferably for increasing     seed yield and/or for increasing biomass in plants relative to     control plants. -   24. A method for manufacturing a product comprising the steps of     growing the plants according to embodiment 13, 17, 19 or 20 and     producing said product from or by said plants; or parts thereof,     including seeds.

With respect to GPx-related polypeptides, the present invention moreover relates to the following specific embodiments:

-   1. A method for enhancing yield-related traits in plants relative to     or compared to control plants, comprising modulating expression in a     plant of a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide, wherein     said GPx-related polypeptide comprises one or more motifs and/or     signatures having at least 80% sequence identity with a motif and/or     signature selected from a group consisting of motifs 7 to 18,     represented in SEQ ID NO: 361 to 372, respectively and/or one or     more signatures 1 to 6 as represented in SEQ ID NO: 373 to 378,     respectively. -   2. Method according to embodiment 1, wherein said modulated     expression is effected by introducing and expressing in a plant said     nucleic acid encoding said GPx-related polypeptide. -   3. Method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said polypeptide     is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid     molecule selected from the group consisting of:     -   (i) a nucleic acid represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 292,         294, 296;     -   (ii) the complement of a nucleic acid represented by any one of         SEQ ID NO: 292, 294, 296;     -   (iii) a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide as represented by         any one of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295, 297, preferably as a result of         the degeneracy of the genetic code, said isolated nucleic acid         can be deduced from a polypeptide sequence as represented by any         one of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295, 297 and further preferably confers         enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control         plants;     -   (iv) a nucleic acid having, in increasing order of preference at         least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%,         41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%,         54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,         67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%,         80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with any         of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 292, 294, 296 and         further preferably conferring enhanced yield-related traits         relative to or compared to control plants, wherein the nucleic         acid encodes a polypeptide that is not the polypeptide of any of         the polypeptide sequence as represented by any one of SEQ ID NO:         293, 295, 297;     -   (v) a first nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes with a second         nucleic acid molecule of (i) to (iv) under stringent         hybridization conditions and preferably confers enhanced         yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants,         wherein the first nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide that is not         the polypeptide of any of the polypeptide sequence as         represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295, 297;     -   (vi) a nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide having, in         increasing order of preference, at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%,         54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%,         67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%,         80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the         amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NO: 293,         295, 297 and preferably conferring enhanced yield-related traits         relative to or compared to control plants; or     -   (vii) a nucleic acid comprising any combination(s) of features         of (i) to (vi) above. -   4. Method to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein said enhanced     seed yield traits relative or compared to control plants comprise     one or more of increased seed yield, increased seed size, increased     total weight of seeds, increased number of total seeds, increased     fill rate, increased number of filled seeds, number of florets per     panicle on a plant, increased height of the plant, increased quick     early development, harvest index, increased cycle time relative to     or compared to control plants. -   5. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said     increase in seed yield comprises an increase of at least 5% in said     plant when compared to control plants for at least one of said     parameters. -   6. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under non-stress     conditions. -   7. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein said     enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under abiotic stress     conditions, preferably drought stress, salt stress or nitrogen     deficiency. -   8. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein said     GPx-related polypeptide comprises one or more of the following     motifs:     -   (i) Motif 7 represented by SEQ ID NO: 361,     -   (ii) Motif 8 represented by SEQ ID NO: 362,     -   (iii) Motif 9 represented by SEQ ID NO: 363,     -   (iv) Motif 10 represented by SEQ ID NO: 364,     -   (v) Motif 11 represented by SEQ ID NO: 365,     -   (vi) Motif 12 represented by SEQ ID NO: 366,     -   (vii) Motif 13 represented by SEQ ID NO: 367,     -   (viii) Motif 14 represented by SEQ ID NO: 368,     -   (ix) Motif 15 represented by SEQ ID NO: 369,     -   (x) Motif 16 represented by SEQ ID NO: 370,     -   (xi) Motif 17 represented by SEQ ID NO: 371,     -   (xii) Motif 18 represented by SEQ ID NO: 372. -   9. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein said     GPx-related polypeptide comprises one or more of the following     signatures:     -   (i) Signature 1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 373,     -   (ii) Signature 2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 374,     -   (iii) Signature 3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 375,     -   (iv) Signature 4 represented by SEQ ID NO: 376,     -   (v) Signature 5 represented by SEQ ID NO: 377,     -   (vi) Signature 6 represented by SEQ ID NO: 378. -   10. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide is of plant origin,     preferably from a dicotyledonous plant, further preferably from the     family Poaceae, more preferably from the genus Oryza, most     preferably from Oryza sativa. -   11. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein said     nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide encodes any one of     the polypeptides listed in Table A4 or is a portion of such a     nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid capable of hybridising with such a     nucleic acid. -   12. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein said     nucleic acid is operably linked to a constitutive promoter of plant     origin, preferably to a medium strength constitutive promoter of     plant origin, more preferably to a GOS2 promoter, most preferably to     a GOS2 promoter from rice. -   13. Method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said     plant is a monocotyledonous plant. -   14. Method according to embodiment 13, wherein said plant is a     cereal. -   15. Plant, or part thereof, or plant cell, obtainable by a method     according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein said plant,     plant part or plant cell comprises a recombinant nucleic acid     encoding a GPx-related polypeptide as defined in any one of     embodiments 1 to 14. -   16. Construct comprising:     -   (i) nucleic acid encoding an GPx-related polypeptide as defined         in any one of embodiments 1 to 14;     -   (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression         of the nucleic acid sequence of (i); and optionally     -   (iii) a transcription termination sequence. -   17. Construct according to embodiment 16, wherein one of said     control sequences is a constitutive promoter of plant origin,     preferably to a medium strength constitutive promoter of plant     origin, more preferably to a GOS2 promoter, most preferably to a     GOS2 promoter from rice. -   18. Use of a construct according to embodiment 16 or 17 in a method     for making plants having enhanced yield-related traits, preferably     increased yield relative to or compared to control plants, and more     preferably increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to     or compared to control plants. -   19. Plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with a construct     according to embodiment 16 or 17. -   20. Method for the production of a transgenic plant having enhanced     yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants,     preferably increased yield relative to or compared to control     plants, and more preferably increased seed yield and/or increased     biomass relative to or compared to control plants, comprising:     -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant cell or plant a         nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide as defined in         any one of embodiments 1 to 14; and     -   (ii) cultivating said plant cell or plant under conditions         promoting plant growth and development. -   21. Transgenic plant having enhanced yield-related traits relative     to or compared to control plants, preferably increased yield     relative to or compared to control plants, and more preferably     increased seed yield and/or increased biomass, resulting from     modulated expression of a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related     polypeptide as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 14 or a     transgenic plant cell derived from said transgenic plant. -   22. Transgenic plant according to embodiment 15, 19 or 21, or a     transgenic plant cell derived therefrom, wherein said plant is a     crop plant, such as beet, sugarbeet or alfalfa; or a     monocotyledonous plant such as sugarcane; or a cereal, such as rice,     maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, triticale, sorghum, emmer, spelt,     einkorn, teff, milo or oats. -   23. Harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 22, wherein     said harvestable parts are preferably biomass and/or seeds. -   24. Products derived from a plant according to embodiment 22 and/or     from harvestable parts of a plant according to embodiment 23. -   25. Use of a nucleic acid encoding an GPx-related polypeptide as     defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 14 for enhancing     yield-related traits in plants relative to or compared to control     plants, preferably for increasing yield, and more preferably for     increasing seed yield and/or for increasing biomass in plants     relative to or compared to control plants. -   26. A method for manufacturing a product comprising the steps of     growing the plants according to embodiment 15, 19 or 21 and     producing said product from or by said plants; or parts thereof,     including seeds.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The present invention will now be described with reference to the following figures in which:

FIG. 1 represents the domain structure of SEQ ID NO: 2 with conserved ELM2-related domain and the three MEME motifs.

FIG. 2 represents the domain structure of SEQ ID NO: 4 with conserved ELM2-related domain and the three MEME motifs.

FIG. 3 represents a multiple alignment of various ELM2-related polypeptides. These alignments can be used for defining further motifs or signature sequences, when using conserved amino acids.

The corresponding SEQ ID NO's for the aligned polypeptide sequences shown in FIG. 3 are:

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 6 for A.thaliana_AT2G46040.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 8 for A.thaliana_AT4G11400.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 10 for G.hirsutum_ES795168 #1     -   SEQ ID NO: 12 for G.max_Glyma07g07530.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 24 for P.persica_TC15862#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 40 for V.vinifera_GSVIVT00026942001#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 16 for G.max_Glyma09g39360.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 18 for G.max_Glyma18g46950.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 4 for M.truncatula_AC149204_(—)12.4#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 26 for P.trichocarpa _(—)572279#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 2 for Poptr_ELM2-related     -   SEQ ID NO: 28 for P.trichocarpa _(—)751302#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 30 for P.trichocarpa _(—)757535#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 38 for V.vinifera_GSVIVT00002575001#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 20 for O.sativa_LOC_Os04g08410.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 32 for P.virgatum_TC11466#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 36 for S.bicolor_Sb06g001680.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 44 for Zea _(—) mays_GRMZM2G424651_T01#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 14 for G.max_Glyma08g01950.1 #1     -   SEQ ID NO: 22 for O.sativa_LOC_Os10g30944.2#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 34 for S.bicolor_Sb01g020470.1#1     -   SEQ ID NO: 42 for Zea _(—) mays_GRMZM2G365731_T01#1

FIG. 4 shows a phylogenetic tree of ELM2-related polypeptides, as described in example 2.

FIG. 5 shows the MATGAT table of Example 3 of the full length sequences of Table A1.

FIG. 6 shows the MATGAT table of Example 3 of the conserved ELM2-domain in the sequences of Table A1.

FIG. 7 represents the binary vector used for increased expression in Oryza sativa of an ELM2-related-encoding nucleic acid under the control of a rice GOS2 promoter (pGOS2).

FIG. 8 shows the domain structure of WRKY-related polypeptide as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2. Coiled coil sequence is represented by amino acids LMNLYF (indicated in bold, underlined); basic motif as NLS is represented by KKAR (indicated in bold, italic, underlined); C2H2 zinc finger (represented by amino acids CCHH (bold, underlined)) containing the WRKY motif (WRKYGQK motif (bold, underlined)) represented by amino acid sequence indicated in bold.

FIG. 9 represents the binary vector used for increased expression in Oryza sativa of WRKY-related polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid under the control of a rice GOS2 promoter (pGOS2).

FIG. 10 shows the MATGAT table of Example 3.

FIG. 11 represents the domain structure of SEQ ID NO: 179 with conserved motifs 4, 5 and 6 and the EMG1 domain.

FIG. 12 represents a multiple alignment of various EMG1-like polypeptides. These alignments can be used for defining further motifs or signature sequences, when using conserved amino acids.

The corresponding SEQ ID NO's for the aligned polypeptide sequences shown in FIG. 12 are:

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 267 for T.aestivum_TC329781     -   SEQ ID NO: 233 for T.aestivum_TC342076     -   SEQ ID NO: 221 for H.vulgare_TC168675     -   SEQ ID NO: 237 for O.sativa_LOC_Os02g18830.1     -   SEQ ID NO: 227 for P.virgatum_TC36436     -   SEQ ID NO: 231 for Z.mays_GRMZM2G130339_T02     -   SEQ ID NO: 229 for S.bicolor_Sb04g033060.1     -   SEQ ID NO: 225 for S.bicolor_Sb04g011280.1     -   SEQ ID NO: 219 for C.longa_TA2440_(—)136217     -   SEQ ID NO: 251 for Y.filamentosa_DT581455     -   SEQ ID NO: 209 for A.sp_TC27214     -   SEQ ID NO: 253 for P.patens_(—)46413     -   SEQ ID NO: 249 for P.patens_TC42118     -   SEQ ID NO: 247 for S.moellendorffii _(—)407397     -   SEQ ID NO: 269 for A.trichopoda_CK754382     -   SEQ ID NO: 261 for P.taeda_TA10927_(—)3352     -   SEQ ID NO: 243 for P.glauca_TA18327_(—)3330     -   SEQ ID NO: 241 for P.sitchensis_TA12989_(—)3332     -   SEQ ID NO: 277 for P.glauca_CO481519     -   SEQ ID NO: 239 for C.japonica_TA2268_(—)3369     -   SEQ ID NO: 211 for M.truncatula_CU012050_(—)19.4     -   SEQ ID NO: 203 for L.japonicus_TC43316     -   SEQ ID NO: 217 for G.max_Glyma12g02820.2     -   SEQ ID NO: 207 for G.max_TC278049     -   SEQ ID NO: 235 for G.max_Glyma12g02820.5     -   SEQ ID NO: 205 for G.max_Glyma11g10520.1     -   SEQ ID NO: 201 for G.max_Glyma12g02820.1     -   SEQ ID NO: 263 for P.coccineus_TA3737_(—)3886     -   SEQ ID NO: 259 for P.coccineus_TC15108     -   SEQ ID NO: 193 for P.vulgaris_TC10901     -   SEQ ID NO: 265 for C.sinensis_TC22219     -   SEQ ID NO: 271 for G.hirsutum_ES833864     -   SEQ ID NO: 185 for G.raimondii_TC1038     -   SEQ ID NO: 183 for P.trichocarpa _(—)667309     -   SEQ ID NO: 181 for P.trichocarpa _(—)831805     -   SEQ ID NO: 179 for P.trichocarpa EMG1-like     -   SEQ ID NO: 187 for P.trifoliata_TA8498_(—)37690     -   SEQ ID NO: 213 for G.hirsutum_TC158561     -   SEQ ID NO: 245 for E.esula_TC3222     -   SEQ ID NO: 223 for E.esula_DV156953     -   SEQ ID NO: 189 for V.vinifera_GSVIVT00033904001     -   SEQ ID NO: 199 for B.napus_TC70157     -   SEQ ID NO: 195 for B.napus_TC76938     -   SEQ ID NO: 197 for A.thaliana_AT3G57000.1     -   SEQ ID NO: 191 for A.Iyrata _(—)486143     -   SEQ ID NO: 275 for P.americana_CV001201     -   SEQ ID NO: 255 for M.crystallinum_TC9042     -   SEQ ID NO: 279 for V.carteri _(—)106743     -   SEQ ID NO: 273 for C.reinharditii _(—)178371     -   SEQ ID NO: 285 for M.sp_(—)77569     -   SEQ ID NO: 283 for O.lucimarinus _(—)39810     -   SEQ ID NO: 281 for O.sp_(—)18991     -   SEQ ID NO: 277 for O.tauri_(—)37777     -   SEQ ID NO: 215 for A.officinalis_TA1655_(—)4686

FIG. 13 shows a phylogenetic tree of EMG1-like polypeptides, as described in Example 2.

FIG. 14 shows the MATGAT table of Example 3 over the full length of the sequences of Table A3.

FIG. 5 shows the MATGAT table of Example 3 over the EMG1-like domain of the sequences of Table A3.

FIG. 16 represents the binary vector used for increased expression in Oryza sativa of an EMG1-like-encoding nucleic acid under the control of a rice GOS2 promoter (pGOS2).

FIG. 17 represents the domain structure of SEQ ID NO: 293 with conserved motifs.

FIG. 18 represents the binary vector used for increased expression in Oryza sativa of a GPx-related-encoding nucleic acid under the control of a rice GOS2 promoter (pGOS2).

FIG. 19 shows the MATGAT table of Example 3.

FIG. 20 represents a multiple alignment of various GPx-related polypeptides. The asterisks indicate identical amino acids among the various protein sequences, colons represent highly conserved amino acid substitutions, and the dots represent less conserved amino acid substitution; on other positions there is no sequence conservation. These alignments can be used for defining further motifs or signature sequences, when using conserved amino acids.

FIG. 21 shows phylogenetic tree of GPx-related polypeptides. SEQ ID NO: 293 as used and described herein is Oryza _(—) sativa_OsGPx03 gene from Oryza sativa and indicated by an arrow in the tree. SEQ ID NO: 295 as used and described herein is Populus _(—) trichocarpa_PtGPx06 gene from Populus trichocarpa and indicated by an arrow in the tree. SEQ ID NO: 297 as used and described herein is Populus _(—) trichocarpa_GPx gene from Populus trichocarpa and indicated by an arrow in the tree.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will now be described with reference to the following examples, which are by way of illustration only. The following examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, the present invention employs conventional techniques and methods of plant biology, molecular biology, bioinformatics and plant breedings.

DNA manipulation: unless otherwise stated, recombinant DNA techniques are performed according to standard protocols described in (Sambrook (2001) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CSH, New York) or in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols. Standard materials and methods for plant molecular work are described in Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, published by BIOS Scientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications (UK).

Example 1 Identification of Sequences Related to the Nucleic Acid Sequence Used in the Methods of Intervention 1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

Sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related to SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 were identified amongst those maintained in the Entrez Nucleotides database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using database sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). The program is used to find regions of local similarity between sequences by comparing nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences to sequence databases and by calculating the statistical significance of matches. For example, the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 was used for the TBLASTN algorithm, with default settings and the filter to ignore low complexity sequences set off. The output of the analysis was viewed by pairwise comparison, and ranked according to the probability score (E-value), where the score reflect the probability that a particular alignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, the more significant the hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons were also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In some instances, the default parameters may be adjusted to modify the stringency of the search. For example the E-value may be increased to show less stringent matches. This way, short nearly exact matches may be identified.

Table A1 provides a list of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences related to SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.

TABLE A1 Examples of ELM2-related nucleic acids and polypeptides: Nucleic acid Protein Plant Source SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Poptr_ELM2 related 1 2 M. truncatula_AC149204_12.4#1 3 4 A. thaliana_AT2G46040.1#1 5 6 A. thaliana_AT4G11400.1#1 7 8 G. hirsutum_ES795168#1 9 10 G. max_Glyma07g07530.1#1 11 12 G. max_Glyma08g01950.1#1 13 14 G. max_Glyma09g39360.1#1 15 16 G. max_Glyma18g46950.1#1 17 18 O. sativa_LOC_Os04g08410.1#1 19 20 O. sativa_LOC_Os10g30944.2#1 21 22 P. persica_TC15862#1 23 24 P. trichocarpa_572279#1 25 26 P. trichocarpa_751302#1 27 28 P. trichocarpa_757535#1 29 30 P. virgatum_TC11466#1 31 32 S. bicolor_Sb01g020470.1#1 33 34 S. bicolor_Sb06g001680.1#1 35 36 V. vinifera_GSVIVT00002575001#1 37 38 V. vinifera_GSVIVT00026942001#1 39 40 Zea_mays_GRMZM2G365731_T01#1 41 42 Zea_mays_GRMZM2G424651_T01#1 43 44

2. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

Sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related to SEQ ID NO: 102 and SEQ ID NO: 103 were identified amongst those maintained in the Entrez Nucleotides database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using database sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). The program is used to find regions of local similarity between sequences by comparing nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences to sequence databases and by calculating the statistical significance of matches. For example, the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 102 was used for the TBLASTN algorithm, with default settings and the filter to ignore low complexity sequences set off. The output of the analysis was viewed by pairwise comparison, and ranked according to the probability score (E-value), where the score reflect the probability that a particular alignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, the more significant the hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons were also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In some instances, the default parameters may be adjusted to modify the stringency of the search. For example the E-value may be increased to show less stringent matches. This way, short nearly exact matches may be identified.

Table A2 provides a list of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences related to SEQ ID NO: 102 and SEQ ID NO: 103.

TABLE A2 Examples of WRKY-related polypeptide nucleic acids and polypeptides: Nucleic acid Protein Plant Source SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Medicago truncatula 102 103 AL6G14950 104 105 AT5G15130 106 107 BD1G51030 108 109 CP00014G00310 110 111 CP00017G01970 112 113 GM04G34220 114 115 GM05G01280 116 117 GM06G20300 118 119 GM09G37470 120 121 GM17G10630 122 123 GM18G49140 124 125 GM19G02440 126 127 LJ1G009790 128 129 LJ1G030000 130 131 MD00G099380 132 133 MD00G142380 134 135 MD00G204530 136 137 MD00G279080 138 139 MD06G015440 140 141 MD06G015480 142 143 MD17G003750 144 145 ME02615G00410 146 147 ME04264G00010 148 149 ME10261G00730 150 151 MT7G02120 152 153 MT8G38070 154 155 OS06G05380 156 157 OSINDICA_06G04630 158 159 PT15G06580 160 161 PT17G11190 162 163 RC29822G01580 164 165 RC30147G07590 166 167 VV14G01690 168 169 VV17G04040 170 171 ZM03G02190 172 173

3. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

Sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related to SEQ ID NO: 178 and SEQ ID NO: 179 were identified amongst those maintained in the Entrez Nucleotides database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using database sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). The program is used to find regions of local similarity between sequences by comparing nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences to sequence databases and by calculating the statistical significance of matches. For example, the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 178 was used for the TBLASTN algorithm, with default settings and the filter to ignore low complexity sequences set off. The output of the analysis was viewed by pairwise comparison, and ranked according to the probability score (E-value), where the score reflect the probability that a particular alignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, the more significant the hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons were also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In some instances, the default parameters may be adjusted to modify the stringency of the search. For example the E-value may be increased to show less stringent matches. This way, short nearly exact matches may be identified.

Table A3 provides a list of nucleic acid and protein sequences related to SEQ ID NO: 178 and SEQ ID NO: 179.

TABLE A3 Examples of EMG1-like nucleic acids and polypeptides: Nucleic acid Protein Plant Source SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: P. trichocarpa 178 179 P. trichocarpa 180 181 P. trichocarpa 182 183 G. raimondii 184 185 P. trifoliata 186 187 V. vinifera 188 189 A. lyrata 190 191 P. vulgaris 192 193 B. napus 194 195 A. thaliana 196 197 B. napus 198 199 G. max 200 201 L. japonicus 202 203 G. max 204 205 G. max 206 207 Aquilegia_sp_2.1 208 209 M. truncatula 210 211 G. hirsutum 212 213 A. officinalis 214 215 G. max 216 217 C. longa 218 219 H. vulgare 220 221 E. esula 222 223 S. bicolor 224 225 P. virgatum 226 227 S. bicolor 228 229 Z. mays 230 231 T. aestivum 232 233 G. max 234 235 O. sativa 236 237 C. japonica 238 239 P. sitchensis 240 241 P. glauca 242 243 E. esula 244 245 S. moellendorffii 246 247 P. patens 248 249 Y. filamentosa 250 251 P. patens 252 253 M. crystallinum 254 255 P. glauca 256 257 P. coccineus 258 259 P. taeda 260 261 P. coccineus 262 263 C. sinensis 264 265 T. aestivum 266 267 A. trichopoda 268 269 G. hirsutum 270 271 C. reinharditii 272 273 P. americana 274 275 O. tauri 276 277 V. carteri 278 279 Ostreococcus_RCC809_1_JGI 280 281 O. lucimarinus 282 283 Micromonas_RCC299_3_JGI 284 285

4. GPx-Related Polypeptides

Sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related to SEQ ID NOs: 292 to 297 were identified amongst those maintained in the Entrez Nucleotides database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using database sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). The program is used to find regions of local similarity between sequences by comparing nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences to sequence databases and by calculating the statistical significance of matches. For example, the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 292 was used for the TBLASTN algorithm, with default settings and the filter to ignore low complexity sequences set off. The output of the analysis was viewed by pairwise comparison, and ranked according to the probability score (E-value), where the score reflect the probability that a particular alignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, the more significant the hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons were also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In some instances, the default parameters may be adjusted to modify the stringency of the search. For example the E-value may be increased to show less stringent matches. This way, short nearly exact matches may be identified.

Table A4 provides a list of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences related to SEQ ID NOs: 293 to 297.

TABLE A4 Examples of GPx-related nucleic acids and polypeptides: Protein Nucleic acid SEQ ID Plant source SEQ ID NO: NO: Oryza_sativa_OsGPx03 292 293 Populus_trichocarpa_PtGPx06 294 295 Populus_trichocarpa_PtGPx 296 297 Zea_mays_ZmGPx03 298 299 Zea_mays_ZmGPx01-2 300 301 Zea_mays_ZmGPx01 302 303 Triticum_monococcum_TmGPx01 304 Triticum_aestivum_TaGPx03 305 Triticum_aestivum_TaGPx01 306 307 Setaria_italica_SiGPx01 308 309 Sorghum_bicolor_SbGPx06 310 311 Sorghum_bicolor_SbGPx03 312 313 Sorghum_bicolor_SbGPx01 314 315 Oryza_sativas_OsGPx06 316 317 Oryza_sativas_OsGPx01 318 319 Hordeum_vulgare_HvGPx06 320 321 Hordeum_vulgare_HvGPx03 322 323 Hordeum_vulgare_HvGPx01 324 325 Pinus_taeda_PtaGPx06-2 326 Pinus_taeda_PtaGPx06-1 327 Pinus_pinaster_PpGPx06-2 328 Gnetum_gnemon_GgGPx06 329 Zea_mays_ZmGPx03-2 330 331 Vitis_vinifera_VvGPx06 332 Solanum_tuberosum_StGPx06 333 Spinacia_oleracea_SoGPx06 334 Populus_trichocarpa_PtGPx06-2 335 336 Nicotiana_tabacum_NtGPx06 337 Nicotiana_sylvestris_NsGPx06 338 Medicago_truncatula_MtGPx06 339 Malus_domestica_MdGPx06 340 Mesembryanthemum_crystallinum_McGPx06 341 Lotus_japonicus_LjGPx06 342 Lycopersicon_esculentum_LeGPx06 343 Hevea_brasiliensis_HbGPx06 344 Helianthus_annuus_HaGPx06-3_ANN1312 345 Helianthus_annuus_HaGPx06-1 346 Gossypium_hirsutum_GhGPx06-3 347 Gossypium_hirsutum_GhGPx06-2 348 Gossypium_hirsutum_GhGPx06-1 349 350 Citrus_sinensis_CsGPx06 351 Cucumis_melo_CmGPx06 352 Capsicum_chinense_CcGPx06 353 Brassica_napus_BnGPx06-2 354 Brassica_napus_BnGPx06-1 355 Arabidopsis_thaliana_AtGPx06 356 357 Populus_trichocarpa_PtGPx01 358 359 Solanum_tuberosum_StGPx08-2 360

Sequences have been tentatively assembled and publicly disclosed by research institutions, such as The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR; beginning with TA). For instance, the Eukaryotic Gene Orthologs (EGO) database may be used to identify such related sequences, either by keyword search or by using the BLAST algorithm with the nucleic acid sequence or polypeptide sequence of interest. Special nucleic acid sequence databases have been created for particular organisms, e.g. for certain prokaryotic organisms, such as by the Joint Genome Institute. Furthermore, access to proprietary databases, has allowed the identification of novel nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences.

Example 2 Alignment of Sequences to the Polypeptide Sequences Used in the Methods of the Invention 1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

Alignment of the polypeptide sequences was performed using MAFFT (version 6.624, L-INS-I method). The ELM2-related polypeptides are aligned in FIG. 3.

A phylogenetic tree of ELM2-related polypeptides (FIG. 4) was constructed by aligning ELM2-related sequences using MAFFT (Katoh and Toh (2008)—Briefings in Bioinformatics 9:286-298). A neighbour-joining tree was calculated using Quick-Tree (Howe et al. (2002), Bioinformatics 18(11): 1546-7), 100 bootstrap repetitions. The dendrogram was drawn using Dendroscope (Huson et al. (2007), BMC Bioinformatics 8(1):460). Confidence levels for 100 bootstrap repetitions are indicated for major branchings.

2. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

Alignment of the polypeptide sequences is performed using the ClustalW 2.0 algorithm of progressive alignment (Thompson et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876-4882; Chenna et al. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497-3500) with standard setting (slow alignment, similarity matrix: Gonnet, gap opening penalty 10, gap extension penalty: 0.2). Minor manual editing was done to further optimise the alignment. In this context, the sequence as shown in FIG. 8 can be used for alignment by the skilled person in order to identify homologues of WRKY-related polypeptide sequences.

3. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

Alignment of the polypeptide sequences was performed using the ClustalW 2.0 algorithm of progressive alignment (Thompson et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876-4882; Chenna et al. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497-3500) with standard setting (slow alignment, similarity matrix: Gonnet, gap opening penalty 10, gap extension penalty: 0.2). Minor manual editing was done to further optimise the alignment. The EMG1-like polypeptides are aligned in FIG. 12.

A phylogenetic tree of EMG1-like polypeptides (FIG. 13) was constructed by aligning EMG1-like sequences using MAFFT (Katoh and Toh (2008)—Briefings in Bioinformatics 9:286-298). A neighbour-joining tree was calculated using Quick-Tree (Howe et al. (2002), Bioinformatics 18(11): 1546-7), 100 bootstrap repetitions. The dendrogram was drawn using Dendroscope (Huson et al. (2007), BMC Bioinformatics 8(1):460). Confidence levels for 100 bootstrap repetitions are indicated for major branchings.

4. GPx-Related Polypeptides

Alignment of the polypeptide sequences was performed using the ClustalW 2.0 algorithm of progressive alignment (Thompson et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876-4882; Chenna et al. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497-3500) with standard setting (slow alignment, similarity matrix: Gonnet, gap opening penalty 10, gap extension penalty: 0.2). Minor manual editing was done to further optimise the alignment. The GPx-related polypeptides are aligned in FIG. 20.

A phylogenetic tree of GPx-related polypeptides (FIG. 21) was constructed by aligning GPx-related sequences using MAFFT (Katoh and Toh (2008)—Briefings in Bioinformatics 9:286-298) with default settings. A neighbour-joining tree was calculated using Quick-Tree (Howe et al. (2002), Bioinformatics 18(11): 1546-7), 100 bootstrap repetitions. The dendrogram was drawn using Dendroscope (Huson et al. (2007), BMC Bioinformatics 8(1):460). Confidence levels for 100 bootstrap repetitions are indicated for major branchings.

Example 3 Calculation of Global Percentage Identity Between Polypeptide Sequences

Global percentages of similarity and identity between full length polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention were determined using MatGAT (Matrix Global Alignment Tool) software (BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 4:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matrices using protein or DNA sequences. Campanella J J, Bitincka L, Smalley J; software hosted by Ledion Bitincka). MatGAT generates similarity/identity matrices for DNA or protein sequences without needing pre-alignment of the data. The program performs a series of pair-wise alignments using the Myers and Miller global alignment algorithm, calculates similarity and identity, and then places the results in a distance matrix.

1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

Results of the MatGAT analysis are shown in FIG. 5 with global similarity and identity percentages over the full length of the polypeptide sequences. Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line and sequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividing line. Parameters used in the analysis were: Scoring matrix: Blosum62, First Gap: 12, Extending Gap: 2. The sequence identity (in %) between the ELM2-related polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention can be as low as 9%, is generally higher than 9%, compared to SEQ ID NO: 2.

The results of the MatGat analysis for the conserved ELM2 domain, according to an Interpro accession IPR 000949, according to PFAM accession number PF01448 ELM2 domain, of the ELM2-related polypeptide sequences are shown in FIG. 6. Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line and sequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividing line. Parameters used in the analysis were: Scoring matrix: Blosum62, First Gap: 12, Extending Gap: 2. When percentage identity analysis is performed on the conserved domain instead of on the full length polypeptide sequences, an increase in percentage identity is observed as shown in FIG. 6. Lowest values are now above 30% compared to SEQ ID NO: 2. Note that P. virgatum does not have an ELM2 domain, as can be seen in the alignment in FIG. 3.

2. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

Results of the MatGAT analysis are shown in FIG. 10 with global similarity and identity percentages over the full length of the polypeptide sequences. Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line and sequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividing line. Parameters used in the analysis were: Scoring matrix: Blosum62, First Gap: 12, Extending Gap: 2. The sequence identity (in %) between the WRKY-related polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention can be as low as 34% compared to SEQ ID NO: 103.

A MATGAT table for local alignment of a specific domain, or data on % identity/similarity between specific domains may also be included.

3. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

Results of the MatGAT analysis are shown in FIG. 14 with global similarity and identity percentages over the full length of the polypeptide sequences. Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line and sequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividing line. Parameters used in the analysis were: Scoring matrix: Blosum62, First Gap: 12, Extending Gap: 2. The sequence identity (in %) between the EMG1-like polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention can be as low as 17.6%, but is generally higher than 17.6% compared to SEQ ID NO: 179.

Results of a MATGAT analysis for the EMG1-like domain of the sequences of Table A3 are shown in FIG. 15. Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line and sequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividing line. Parameters used in the analysis were: Scoring matrix: Blosum62, First Gap: 12, Extending Gap: 2. The sequence identity (in %) over the EMG1-like domain between the EMG1-like polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention can be as low as 12.2%, but is generally higher than 50% compared to SEQ ID NO: 179.

4. GPx-Related Polypeptides

Results of the MatGAT analysis are shown in FIG. 19 with global similarity and identity percentages over the full length of the polypeptide sequences. Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line and sequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividing line. Parameters used in the analysis were: Scoring matrix: Blosum62, First Gap: 12, Extending Gap: 2. The sequence identity (in %) between the GPx-related polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention can be as low as 50% compared to SEQ ID NO: 293, 50% compared to SEQ ID NO: 295, 46% compared to SEQ ID NO: 297.

Like for full length sequences, a MATGAT table based on subsequences of a specific domain, may be generated. Based on a multiple alignment of GPx-related polypeptides, such as for example the one of Example 2, a skilled person may select conserved sequences and submit as input for a MaTGAT analysis. This approach is useful where overall sequence conservation among GPx-related proteins is rather low.

Example 4 Identification of Domains Comprised in Polypeptide Sequences Useful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

The Integrated Resource of Protein Families, Domains and Sites (InterPro) database is an integrated interface for the commonly used signature databases for text- and sequence-based searches. The InterPro database combines these databases, which use different methodologies and varying degrees of biological information about well-characterized proteins to derive protein signatures. Collaborating databases include SWISS-PROT, PROSITE, TrEMBL, PRINTS, ProDom and Pfam, Smart and TIGRFAMs. Pfam is a large collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models covering many common protein domains and families. Pfam is hosted at the Sanger Institute server in the United Kingdom. Interpro is hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute in the United Kingdom.

1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

The results of the InterPro scan (see Zdobnov E. M. and Apweiler R.; “InterProScan—an integration platform for the signature-recognition methods in InterPro.”; Bioinformatics, 2001, 17(9): 847-8 (InterPro database, version 4.7)) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 are presented in Table B1.

TABLE B1 InterPro scan results (major accession number IPR000949) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2. Accession Amino acid coordinates Database number Accession name on SEQ ID NO: 2 PROFILE PS51156 ELM2 223-267 PFAM PF01448 ELM2 225-258

In an embodiment an ELM2-related polypeptide comprises a conserved domain or motif with at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a conserved domain from amino acid 225 to 258 in SEQ ID NO: 2, more preferably to a conserved domain from amino acid 225 to 262 in SEQ ID NO: 2.

2. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

The results of the InterPro scan (see Zdobnov E. M. and Apweiler R.; “InterProScan—an integration platform for the signature-recognition methods in InterPro.”; Bioinformatics, 2001, 17(9): 847-8 (InterPro database, release 31.0)) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103 are presented in Table B2.

TABLE B2 InterPro scan results (major accession numbers) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103. Method Accession Domain start stop E-value Gene3D G3DSA:2.20.25.80 — 240 315 1.70E−28 PFAM PF03106 WRKY 254 313 1.60E−27 SMART SM00774 WRKY 254 314 1.10E−35 PROFILE PS50811 WRKY 249 315 27.933 SUPERFAMILY SSF118290 WRKY 245 316 3.2E−27

In an embodiment a WRKY-related polypeptide comprises a conserved domain (or motif) with at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a conserved domain from amino acid 254 to 313 SEQ ID NO: 103).

3. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

The results of the InterPro scan (see Zdobnov E. M. and Apweiler R.; “InterProScan—an integration platform for the signature-recognition methods in InterPro.”; Bioinformatics, 2001, 17(9): 847-8 (InterPro database, release version 4.8)) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 179 are presented in Table B3.

TABLE B3 InterPro scan results (major accession number IPR005304) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 179. Accession Amino acid coordinates Database number Accession name on SEQ ID NO: 179 PFAM PF03587 EMG1/NEP1 81-276

In an embodiment an EMG1-like polypeptide comprises a conserved domain with at least 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a conserved domain from amino acid 81 to 276 in SEQ ID NO: 179.

4. GPx-Related Polypeptides

The results of the InterPro scan (see Zdobnov E. M. and Apweiler R.; “InterProScan—an integration platform for the signature-recognition methods in InterPro.”; Bioinformatics, 2001, 17(9): 847-8 (InterPro database, release Ver 34.0)) of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 293 are presented in Table B4.

TABLE B4 Method Accession Domain start stop E-value PRINTS IPR000889 Glutathione 98 115 8.40E−22 peroxidase PRINTS IPR000889 Glutathione 134 150 8.40E−22 peroxidase PRINTS IPR000889 Glutathione 199 208 8.40E−22 peroxidase PIR IPR000889 Glutathione 51 238 1.10E−84 peroxidase PANTHER IPR000889 Glutathione 40 237 1.20E−102 peroxidase PFAM IPR000889 Glutathione 80 188 8.30E−43 peroxidase PROSITE IPR000889 Glutathione 100 115 0.0 peroxidase PROSITE IPR000889 Glutathione 137 144 0.0 peroxidase PROSITE IPR000889 Glutathione 70 238 0.0 peroxidase GENE3D IPR012335 Thioredoxin 79 236 2.70E−77 fold SUPERF IPR012336 Thioredoxin 78 237 9.30E−64 fold

In one embodiment a GPx-related polypeptide comprises a conserved domain (or motif) with at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a conserved domain from amino acid 80 to 188 in SEQ ID NO: 293).

Example 5 Topology Prediction of the Polypeptide Sequences Useful in Performing the Methods of Invention

TargetP 1.1 predicts the subcellular location of eukaryotic proteins. The location assignment is based on the predicted presence of any of the N-terminal pre-sequences: chloroplast transit peptide (cTP), mitochondrial targeting peptide (mTP) or secretory pathway signal peptide (SP). Scores on which the final prediction is based are not really probabilities, and they do not necessarily add to one. However, the location with the highest score is the most likely according to TargetP, and the relationship between the scores (the reliability class) may be an indication of how certain the prediction is. The reliability class (RC) ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates the strongest prediction. For the sequences predicted to contain an N-terminal presequence a potential cleavage site can also be predicted. TargetP is maintained at the server of the Technical University of Denmark.

For the sequences predicted to contain an N-terminal presequence a potential cleavage site can also be predicted.

A number of parameters must be selected before analysing a sequence, such as organism group (non-plant or plant), cutoff sets (none, predefined set of cutoffs, or user-specified set of cutoffs), and the calculation of prediction of cleavage sites (yes or no).

Many other algorithms can be used to perform such analyses, including:

-   -   ChloroP 1.1 hosted on the server of the Technical University of         Denmark;     -   Protein Prowler Subcellular Localisation Predictor version 1.2         hosted on the server of the Institute for Molecular Bioscience,         University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;     -   PENCE Proteome Analyst PA-GOSUB 2.5 hosted on the server of the         University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;     -   TMHMM, hosted on the server of the Technical University of         Denmark     -   PSORT (URL: psort.org)     -   PLOC (Park and Kanehisa, Bioinformatics, 19, 1656-1663, 2003).

1. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

The results of TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103 are presented Table C. The “plant” organism group has been selected, no cutoffs defined, and the predicted length of the transit peptide requested. The subcellular localization of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103 may be the cytoplasm or nucleus, no transit peptide is predicted.

TABLE C1 TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 103. Length (AA) 631 Chloroplastic transit peptide 0.101 Mitochondrial transit peptide 0.119 Secretory pathway signal peptide 0.070 Other subcellular targeting 0.927 Predicted Location / Reliability class 1 Predicted transit peptide length /

2. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

The results of TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 179 are presented Table C2. The “plant” organism group has been selected, no cutoffs defined, and the predicted length of the transit peptide requested. The subcellular localization of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 179 may be the cytoplasm or nucleus, no transit peptide is predicted.

TABLE C2 TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 179. Length (AA) 284 Chloroplastic transit peptide 0.037 Mitochondrial transit peptide 0.329 Secretory pathway signal peptide 0.081 Other subcellular targeting 0.878 Predicted Location / Reliability class 3 Predicted transit peptide length /

Example 6 Functional Assay Related to the Polypeptide Sequences Useful in Performing the Methods of the Invention 1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

ELM2-related polypeptides, at least in their native form, typically have transcriptional repression activity, involved in inhibiting chromatin remodeling. Tools and techniques for measuring such activity are well known in the art and e.g. described in Ding et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 2003 January; 23(1): 250-8.

Example 7 Cloning of the Nucleic Acid Sequence Used in Methods of the Invention 1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

In a first experiment, the nucleic acid sequence was amplified by PCR using as template a custom-made Poplar trichocarpa seedlings cDNA library. PCR was performed using a commercially available proofreading Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions, using 200 ng of template in a 50 μl PCR mix. The primers used were prm11394 (SEQ ID NO: 98; sense): 5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatgatggacggttctttttct-3′ and prm11395 (SEQ ID NO: 99; reverse, complementary): 5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtgcatcaacctgatcag acact-3′, which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination. The amplified PCR fragment was purified also using standard methods. The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was then performed, during which the PCR fragment recombined in vivo with the pDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an “entry clone”, pELM2-related. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway® technology.

In a second experiment, the nucleic acid sequence was amplified by PCR using as template a custom-made Medicago truncatula seedlings cDNA library. PCR was performed using a commercially available proofreading Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions, using 200 ng of template in a 50 μl PCR mix. The primers used were prm11280 (SEQ ID NO: 100; sense): 5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatgttgggtagtgagcaaact-3′ and prm11281 (SEQ ID NO: 101; reverse, complementary): 5′ ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtta cagctcatgatttgaggc 3′, which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination. The amplified PCR fragment was purified also using standard methods. The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was then performed, during which the PCR fragment recombined in vivo with the pDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an “entry clone”, pELM2-related. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway® technology.

The entry clones comprising either SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 were then used in an LR reaction with a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vector contained as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plant selectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and a Gateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleic acid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A rice GOS2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 97) for constitutive expression was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vectors pGOS2::ELM2-related (FIG. 7) were transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044 according to methods well known in the art.

2. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

The nucleic acid sequence was amplified by PCR using as template a custom-made Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings cDNA library. PCR was performed using a commercially available proofreading Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions, using 200 ng of template in a 50 μl PCR mix. The primers used were prm10976 (SEQ ID NO: 176; sense): 5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatggagtgcagttctgggagatc-3′ and prm10977 (SEQ ID NO: 177; reverse, complementary): 5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctg ggttcaccaattaattggtgttgtcactatt-3′, which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination. The amplified PCR fragment was purified also using standard methods. The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was then performed, during which the PCR fragment recombined in vivo with the pDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an “entry clone”, pWRKY. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway® technology.

The entry clone comprising SEQ ID NO: 102 was then used in an LR reaction with a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vector contained as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plant selectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and a Gateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleic acid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A rice GOS2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 174) for constitutive expression was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vector pGOS2::WRKY (FIG. 9) was transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044 according to methods well known in the art.

3. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

The nucleic acid sequence was amplified by PCR using as template a custom-made Populus trichocarpa seedlings cDNA library. PCR was performed using a commercially available proofreading Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions, using 200 ng of template in a 50 μl PCR mix. The primers used were prm14800 (SEQ ID NO: 290; sense): 5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatggtgaggccttatggtaaa-3′ and prm14801 (SEQ ID NO: 291; reverse, complementary): 5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggttgatcgacaaaatgcaga gac-3′, which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination. The amplified PCR fragment was purified also using standard methods. The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was then performed, during which the PCR fragment recombined in vivo with the pDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an “entry clone”, pEMG1. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway® technology.

The entry clone comprising SEQ ID NO: 178 was then used in an LR reaction with a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vector contained as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plant selectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and a Gateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleic acid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A rice GOS2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 289) for constitutive expression was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vector pGOS2::EMG1-like (FIG. 16) was transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044 according to methods well known in the art.

4. GPx-Related Polypeptides

The nucleic acid sequence for SEQ ID NO: 292 was amplified by PCR using as template a custom-made Oryza sativa seedlings cDNA library. The nucleic acid sequence for SEQ ID NO: 294 and 296, respectively, was amplified by PCR using as template a custom-made Populus trichocarpa seedlings cDNA library. PCR was performed using a commercially available proofreading Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions, using 200 ng of template in a 50 μl PCR mix. The primers used for amplification of:

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 292 were prm15927: (SEQ ID NO: 381; sense):         5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatgccgtctcgcacc-3′ and         prm15928 (SEQ ID NO: 382; reverse, complementary):         5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctggg tcggcggtaaggttttaag-3′;     -   SEQ ID NO: 294 were prm15929 (SEQ ID NO: 383; sense):         5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatggctagccaatccagtg-3′ and         prm15930 (SEQ ID NO: 384; reverse, complementary):         5′-ggggaccactttgtacaag aaagctgggtaattaaacaaccatgccttga-3′;     -   SEQ ID NO: 296 were prm15925 (SEQ ID NO: 385; sense):         5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatggcttccttacctttctcc-3′         and prm15926 (SEQ ID NO: 386; reverse, complementary):         5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggt ctcatacatgtcactgctgcc-3′;         which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination. The         amplified PCR fragment was purified also using standard methods.         The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was         then performed, during which the PCR fragment recombined in vivo         with the pDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway         terminology, an “entry clone”, pGPx-related. Plasmid pDONR201         was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway®         technology.

The entry clone comprising SEQ ID NO: 292, 294, and 296, respectively, was then used in an LR reaction with a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vector contained as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plant selectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and a Gateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleic acid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A rice GOS2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 379) for constitutive expression was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vector pGOS2::GPx-related gene (FIG. 18) was transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044 according to methods well known in the art.

Example 8 Plant Transformation Rice Transformation

The Agrobacterium containing the expression vector was used to transform Oryza sativa plants. Mature dry seeds of the rice japonica cultivar Nipponbare were dehusked. Sterilization was carried out by incubating for one minute in 70% ethanol, followed by 30 to 60 minutes, preferably 30 minutes in sodium hypochlorite solution (depending on the grade of contamination), followed by a 3 to 6 times, preferably 4 time wash with sterile distilled water. The sterile seeds were then germinated on a medium containing 2,4-D (callus induction medium). After incubation in light for 6 days scutellum-derived calli is transformed with Agrobacterium as described herein below.

Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing the expression vector was used for co-cultivation. Agrobacterium was inoculated on AB medium with the appropriate antibiotics and cultured for 3 days at 28° C. The bacteria were then collected and suspended in liquid co-cultivation medium to a density (OD600) of about 1. The calli were immersed in the suspension for 1 to 15 minutes. The callus tissues were then blotted dry on a filter paper and transferred to solidified, co-cultivation medium and incubated for 3 days in the dark at 25° C. After washing away the Agrobacterium, the calli were grown on 2,4-D-containing medium for 10 to 14 days (growth time for indica: 3 weeks) under light at 28° C.-32° C. in the presence of a selection agent. During this period, rapidly growing resistant callus developed. After transfer of this material to regeneration media, the embryogenic potential was released and shoots developed in the next four to six weeks. Shoots were excised from the calli and incubated for 2 to 3 weeks on an auxin-containing medium from which they were transferred to soil. Hardened shoots were grown under high humidity and short days in a greenhouse.

Transformation of rice cultivar indica can also be done in a similar way as give above according to techniques well known to a skilled person.

35 to 90 independent T0 rice transformants were generated for one construct. The primary transformants were transferred from a tissue culture chamber to a greenhouse. After a quantitative PCR analysis to verify copy number of the T-DNA insert, only single copy transgenic plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent were kept for harvest of T1 seed. Seeds were then harvested three to five months after transplanting. The method yielded single locus transformants at a rate of over 50% (Aldemita and Hodges1996, Chan et al. 1993, Hiei et al. 1994).

Example 9 Transformation of Other Crops Corn Transformation

Transformation of maize (Zea mays) is performed with a modification of the method described by Ishida et al. (1996) Nature Biotech 14(6): 745-50. Transformation is genotype-dependent in corn and only specific genotypes are amenable to transformation and regeneration. The inbred line A188 (University of Minnesota) or hybrids with A188 as a parent are good sources of donor material for transformation, but other genotypes can be used successfully as well. Ears are harvested from corn plant approximately 11 days after pollination (DAP) when the length of the immature embryo is about 1 to 1.2 mm. Immature embryos are cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the expression vector, and transgenic plants are recovered through organogenesis. Excised embryos are grown on callus induction medium, then maize regeneration medium, containing the selection agent (for example imidazolinone but various selection markers can be used). The Petri plates are incubated in the light at 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, or until shoots develop. The green shoots are transferred from each embryo to maize rooting medium and incubated at 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, until roots develop. The rooted shoots are transplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced from plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain a single copy of the T-DNA insert.

Wheat Transformation

Transformation of wheat is performed with the method described by Ishida et al. (1996) Nature Biotech 14(6): 745-50. The cultivar Bobwhite (available from CIMMYT, Mexico) is commonly used in transformation. Immature embryos are co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the expression vector, and transgenic plants are recovered through organogenesis. After incubation with Agrobacterium, the embryos are grown in vitro on callus induction medium, then regeneration medium, containing the selection agent (for example imidazolinone but various selection markers can be used). The Petri plates are incubated in the light at 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, or until shoots develop. The green shoots are transferred from each embryo to rooting medium and incubated at 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, until roots develop. The rooted shoots are transplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced from plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain a single copy of the T-DNA insert.

Soybean Transformation

Soybean is transformed according to a modification of the method described in the Texas A&M patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,310. Several commercial soybean varieties are amenable to transformation by this method. The cultivar Jack (available from the Illinois Seed foundation) is commonly used for transformation. Soybean seeds are sterilised for in vitro sowing. The hypocotyl, the radicle and one cotyledon are excised from seven-day old young seedlings. The epicotyl and the remaining cotyledon are further grown to develop axillary nodes. These axillary nodes are excised and incubated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the expression vector. After the cocultivation treatment, the explants are washed and transferred to selection media. Regenerated shoots are excised and placed on a shoot elongation medium. Shoots no longer than 1 cm are placed on rooting medium until roots develop. The rooted shoots are transplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced from plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain a single copy of the T-DNA insert.

Rapeseed/Canola Transformation

Cotyledonary petioles and hypocotyls of 5-6 day old young seedling are used as explants for tissue culture and transformed according to Babic et al. (1998, Plant Cell Rep 17: 183-188). The commercial cultivar Westar (Agriculture Canada) is the standard variety used for transformation, but other varieties can also be used. Canola seeds are surface-sterilized for in vitro sowing. The cotyledon petiole explants with the cotyledon attached are excised from the in vitro seedlings, and inoculated with Agrobacterium (containing the expression vector) by dipping the cut end of the petiole explant into the bacterial suspension. The explants are then cultured for 2 days on MSBAP-3 medium containing 3 mg/l BAP, 3% sucrose, 0.7 Phytagar at 23° C., 16 hr light. After two days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, the petiole explants are transferred to MSBAP-3 medium containing 3 mg/l BAP, cefotaxime, carbenicillin, or timentin (300 mg/l) for 7 days, and then cultured on MSBAP-3 medium with cefotaxime, carbenicillin, or timentin and selection agent until shoot regeneration. When the shoots are 5-10 mm in length, they are cut and transferred to shoot elongation medium (MSBAP-0.5, containing 0.5 mg/l BAP). Shoots of about 2 cm in length are transferred to the rooting medium (MS0) for root induction. The rooted shoots are transplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced from plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain a single copy of the T-DNA insert.

Alfalfa Transformation

A regenerating clone of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is transformed using the method of (McKersie et al., 1999 Plant Physiol 119: 839-847). Regeneration and transformation of alfalfa is genotype dependent and therefore a regenerating plant is required. Methods to obtain regenerating plants have been described. For example, these can be selected from the cultivar Rangelander (Agriculture Canada) or any other commercial alfalfa variety as described by Brown DCW and A Atanassov (1985. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 4: 111-112). Alternatively, the RA3 variety (University of Wisconsin) has been selected for use in tissue culture (Walker et al., 1978 Am J Bot 65:654-659). Petiole explants are cocultivated with an overnight culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 pMP90 (McKersie et al., 1999 Plant Physiol 119: 839-847) or LBA4404 containing the expression vector. The explants are cocultivated for 3 d in the dark on SH induction medium containing 288 mg/L Pro, 53 mg/L thioproline, 4.35 g/L K2SO4, and 100 μm acetosyringinone. The explants are washed in half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and plated on the same SH induction medium without acetosyringinone but with a suitable selection agent and suitable antibiotic to inhibit Agrobacterium growth. After several weeks, somatic embryos are transferred to BOi2Y development medium containing no growth regulators, no antibiotics, and 50 g/L sucrose. Somatic embryos are subsequently germinated on half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium. Rooted seedlings were transplanted into pots and grown in a greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced from plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain a single copy of the T-DNA insert.

Cotton Transformation

Cotton is transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135. Cotton seeds are surface sterilised in 3% sodium hypochlorite solution during 20 minutes and washed in distilled water with 500 μg/ml cefotaxime. The seeds are then transferred to SH-medium with 50 μg/ml benomyl for germination. Hypocotyls of 4 to 6 days old seedlings are removed, cut into 0.5 cm pieces and are placed on 0.8% agar. An Agrobacterium suspension (approx. 108 cells per ml, diluted from an overnight culture transformed with the gene of interest and suitable selection markers) is used for inoculation of the hypocotyl explants. After 3 days at room temperature and lighting, the tissues are transferred to a solid medium (1.6 g/l Gelrite) with Murashige and Skoog salts with B5 vitamins (Gamborg et al., Exp. Cell Res. 50:151-158 (1968)), 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/l 6-furfurylaminopurine and 750 μg/ml MgCL2, and with 50 to 100 μg/ml cefotaxime and 400-500 μg/ml carbenicillin to kill residual bacteria. Individual cell lines are isolated after two to three months (with subcultures every four to six weeks) and are further cultivated on selective medium for tissue amplification (30° C., 16 hr photoperiod). Transformed tissues are subsequently further cultivated on non-selective medium during 2 to 3 months to give rise to somatic embryos. Healthy looking embryos of at least 4 mm length are transferred to tubes with SH medium in fine vermiculite, supplemented with 0.1 mg/l indole acetic acid, 6 furfurylaminopurine and gibberellic acid. The embryos are cultivated at 30° C. with a photoperiod of 16 hrs, and plantlets at the 2 to 3 leaf stage are transferred to pots with vermiculite and nutrients. The plants are hardened and subsequently moved to the greenhouse for further cultivation.

Sugarbeet Transformation

Seeds of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) are sterilized in 70% ethanol for one minute followed by 20 min. shaking in 20% Hypochlorite bleach e.g. Clorox® regular bleach (commercially available from Clorox, 1221 Broadway, Oakland, Calif. 94612, USA). Seeds are rinsed with sterile water and air dried followed by plating onto germinating medium (Murashige and Skoog (MS) based medium (Murashige, T., and Skoog, 1962. Physiol. Plant, vol. 15, 473-497) including B5 vitamins (Gamborg et al.; Exp. Cell Res., vol. 50, 151-8.) supplemented with 10 g/l sucrose and 0.8% agar). Hypocotyl tissue is used essentially for the initiation of shoot cultures according to Hussey and Hepher (Hussey, G., and Hepher, A., 1978. Annals of Botany, 42, 477-9) and are maintained on MS based medium supplemented with 30 g/l sucrose plus 0.25 mg/l benzylamino purine and 0.75% agar, pH 5.8 at 23-25° C. with a 16-hour photoperiod. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain carrying a binary plasmid harbouring a selectable marker gene, for example nptII, is used in transformation experiments. One day before transformation, a liquid LB culture including antibiotics is grown on a shaker (28° C., 150 rpm) until an optical density (O.D.) at 600 nm of ˜1 is reached. Overnight-grown bacterial cultures are centrifuged and resuspended in inoculation medium (O.D. ˜1) including Acetosyringone, pH 5.5. Shoot base tissue is cut into slices (1.0 cm×1.0 cm×2.0 mm approximately). Tissue is immersed for 30 s in liquid bacterial inoculation medium. Excess liquid is removed by filter paper blotting. Co-cultivation occurred for 24-72 hours on MS based medium incl. 30 g/l sucrose followed by a non-selective period including MS based medium, 30 g/l sucrose with 1 mg/l BAP to induce shoot development and cefotaxim for eliminating the Agrobacterium. After 3-10 days explants are transferred to similar selective medium harbouring for example kanamycin or G418 (50-100 mg/l genotype dependent). Tissues are transferred to fresh medium every 2-3 weeks to maintain selection pressure. The very rapid initiation of shoots (after 3-4 days) indicates regeneration of existing meristems rather than organogenesis of newly developed transgenic meristems. Small shoots are transferred after several rounds of subculture to root induction medium containing 5 mg/l NAA and kanamycin or G418. Additional steps are taken to reduce the potential of generating transformed plants that are chimeric (partially transgenic). Tissue samples from regenerated shoots are used for DNA analysis. Other transformation methods for sugarbeet are known in the art, for example those by Linsey & Gallois (Linsey, K., and Gallois, P., 1990. Journal of Experimental Botany; vol. 41, No. 226; 529-36) or the methods published in the international application published as WO 96/23891A.

Sugarcane Transformation

Spindles are isolated from 6-month-old field grown sugarcane plants (Arencibia et al., 1998. Transgenic Research, vol. 7, 213-22; Enriquez-Obregon et al., 1998. Planta, vol. 206, 20-27). Material is sterilized by immersion in a 20% Hypochlorite bleach e.g. Clorox® regular bleach (commercially available from Clorox, 1221 Broadway, Oakland, Calif. 94612, USA) for 20 minutes. Transverse sections around 0.5 cm are placed on the medium in the top-up direction. Plant material is cultivated for 4 weeks on MS (Murashige, T., and Skoog, 1962. Physiol. Plant, vol. 15, 473-497) based medium incl. B5 vitamins (Gamborg, O., et al., 1968. Exp. Cell Res., vol. 50, 151-8) supplemented with 20 g/l sucrose, 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate, 0.8% agar and 5 mg/l 2,4-D at 23° C. in the dark. Cultures are transferred after 4 weeks onto identical fresh medium. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain carrying a binary plasmid harbouring a selectable marker gene, for example hpt, is used in transformation experiments. One day before transformation, a liquid LB culture including antibiotics is grown on a shaker (28° C., 150 rpm) until an optical density (O.D.) at 600 nm of ˜0.6 is reached. Overnight-grown bacterial cultures are centrifuged and resuspended in MS based inoculation medium (O.D. ˜0.4) including acetosyringone, pH 5.5. Sugarcane embryogenic callus pieces (2-4 mm) are isolated based on morphological characteristics as compact structure and yellow colour and dried for 20 min. in the flow hood followed by immersion in a liquid bacterial inoculation medium for 10-20 minutes. Excess liquid is removed by filter paper blotting. Co-cultivation occurred for 3-5 days in the dark on filter paper which is placed on top of MS based medium incl. B5 vitamins containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D. After co-cultivation calli are washed with sterile water followed by a non-selective cultivation period on similar medium containing 500 mg/l cefotaxime for eliminating remaining Agrobacterium cells. After 3-10 days explants are transferred to MS based selective medium incl. B5 vitamins containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D for another 3 weeks harbouring 25 mg/l of hygromycin (genotype dependent). All treatments are made at 23° C. under dark conditions. Resistant calli are further cultivated on medium lacking 2,4-D including 1 mg/l BA and 25 mg/l hygromycin under 16 h light photoperiod resulting in the development of shoot structures. Shoots are isolated and cultivated on selective rooting medium (MS based including, 20 g/l sucrose, 20 mg/l hygromycin and 500 mg/l cefotaxime). Tissue samples from regenerated shoots are used for DNA analysis. Other transformation methods for sugarcane are known in the art, for example from the in-ternational application published as WO 2010/151634A and the granted European patent EP 1831378.

Example 10 Phenotypic Evaluation Procedure 10.1 Evaluation Setup

35 to 90 independent T0 rice transformants were generated. The primary transformants were transferred from a tissue culture chamber to a greenhouse for growing and harvest of T1 seed. Six events, of which the T1 progeny segregated 3:1 for presence/absence of the transgene, were retained. For each of these events, approximately 10 T1 seedlings containing the transgene (hetero- and homo-zygotes) and approximately 10 T1 seedlings lacking the transgene (nullizygotes) were selected by monitoring visual marker expression. The transgenic plants and the corresponding nullizygotes were grown side-by-side at random positions. Greenhouse conditions were of shorts days (12 hours light), 28° C. in the light and 22° C. in the dark, and a relative humidity of 70%. Plants grown under non-stress conditions were watered at regular intervals to ensure that water and nutrients were not limiting and to satisfy plant needs to complete growth and development, unless they were used in a stress screen.

From the stage of sowing until the stage of maturity the plants were passed several times through a digital imaging cabinet. At each time point digital images (2048×1536 pixels, 16 million colours) were taken of each plant from at least 6 different angles.

T1 events can be further evaluated in the T2 generation following the same evaluation procedure as for the T1 generation, e.g. with less events and/or with more individuals per event.

Drought Screen

T1 or T2 plants are grown in potting soil under normal conditions until they approached the heading stage. They are then transferred to a “dry” section where irrigation is withheld. Soil moisture probes are inserted in randomly chosen pots to monitor the soil water content (SWC). When SWC goes below certain thresholds, the plants are automatically re-watered continuously until a normal level is reached again. The plants are then re-transferred again to normal conditions. The rest of the cultivation (plant maturation, seed harvest) is the same as for plants not grown under abiotic stress conditions. Growth and yield parameters are recorded as detailed for growth under normal conditions.

Nitrogen Use Efficiency Screen

T1 or T2 plants are grown in potting soil under normal conditions except for the nutrient solution. The pots are watered from transplantation to maturation with a specific nutrient solution containing reduced N nitrogen (N) content, usually between 7 to 8 times less. The rest of the cultivation (plant maturation, seed harvest) is the same as for plants not grown under abiotic stress. Growth and yield parameters are recorded as detailed for growth under normal conditions.

Salt Stress Screen

T1 or T2 plants are grown on a substrate made of coco fibers and particles of baked clay (Argex) (3 to 1 ratio). A normal nutrient solution is used during the first two weeks after transplanting the plantlets in the greenhouse. After the first two weeks, 25 mM of salt (NaCl) is added to the nutrient solution, until the plants are harvested. Growth and yield parameters are recorded as detailed for growth under normal conditions.

10.2 Statistical Analysis: F Test

A two factor ANOVA (analysis of variants) was used as a statistical model for the overall evaluation of plant phenotypic characteristics. An F test was carried out on all the parameters measured of all the plants of all the events transformed with the gene of the present invention. The F test was carried out to check for an effect of the gene over all the transformation events and to verify for an overall effect of the gene, also known as a global gene effect. The threshold for significance for a true global gene effect was set at a 5% probability level for the F test. A significant F test value points to a gene effect, meaning that it is not only the mere presence or position of the gene that is causing the differences in phenotype.

10.3 Parameters Measured

From the stage of sowing until the stage of maturity the plants were passed several times through a digital imaging cabinet. At each time point digital images (2048×1536 pixels, 16 million colours) were taken of each plant from at least 6 different angles as described in WO 2010/031780. These measurements were used to determine different parameters.

Biomass-Related Parameter Measurement

The plant aboveground area (or leafy biomass) was determined by counting the total number of pixels on the digital images from aboveground plant parts discriminated from the background. This value was averaged for the pictures taken on the same time point from the different angles and was converted to a physical surface value expressed in square mm by calibration. Experiments show that the aboveground plant area measured this way correlates with the biomass of plant parts above ground. The above ground area is the area measured at the time point at which the plant had reached its maximal leafy biomass.

Increase in root biomass is expressed as an increase in total root biomass (measured as maximum biomass of roots observed during the lifespan of a plant); or as an increase in the root/shoot index, measured as the ratio between root mass and shoot mass in the period of active growth of root and shoot. In other words, the root/shoot index is defined as the ratio of the rapidity of root growth to the rapidity of shoot growth in the period of active growth of root and shoot. Root biomass can be determined using a method as described in WO 2006/029987.

A robust indication of the height of the plant is the measurement of the location of the centre of gravity, i.e. determining the height (in mm) of the gravity centre of the leafy biomass. This avoids influence by a single erect leaf, based on the asymptote of curve fitting or, if the fit is not satisfactory, based on the absolute maximum.

Parameters Related to Development Time

The early vigour is the plant aboveground area three weeks post-germination. Early vigour was determined by counting the total number of pixels from aboveground plant parts discriminated from the background. This value was averaged for the pictures taken on the same time point from different angles and was converted to a physical surface value expressed in square mm by calibration.

AreaEmer is an indication of quick early development when this value is decreased compared to control plants. It is the ratio (expressed in %) between the time a plant needs to make 30% of the final biomass and the time needs to make 90% of its final biomass.

The “time to flower” or “flowering time” of the plant can be determined using the method as described in WO 2007/093444.

Seed-Related Parameter Measurements

The mature primary panicles were harvested, counted, bagged, barcode-labelled and then dried for three days in an oven at 37° C. The panicles were then threshed and all the seeds were collected and counted. The seeds are usually covered by a dry outer covering, the husk. The filled husks (herein also named filled florets) were separated from the empty ones using an air-blowing device. The empty husks were discarded and the remaining fraction was counted again. The filled husks were weighed on an analytical balance.

The total number of seeds was determined by counting the number of filled husks that remained after the separation step. The total seed weight was measured by weighing all filled husks harvested from a plant.

The total number of seeds (or florets) per plant was determined by counting the number of husks (whether filled or not) harvested from a plant.

Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW) is extrapolated from the number of seeds counted and their total weight.

The Harvest Index (HI) in the present invention is defined as the ratio between the total seed weight and the above ground area (mm²), multiplied by a factor 10⁶.

The number of flowers per panicle as defined in the present invention is the ratio between the total number of seeds over the number of mature primary panicles.

The “seed fill rate” or “seed filling rate” as defined in the present invention is the proportion (expressed as a %) of the number of filled seeds (i.e. florets containing seeds) over the total number of seeds (i.e. total number of florets). In other words, the seed filling rate is the percentage of florets that are filled with seed.

Example 10 Results of the Phenotypic Evaluation of the Transgenic Plants 1. ELM2-Related Polypeptides

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T2 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 under non-stress conditions are presented below in Table D1. When grown under non-stress conditions, an increase of at least 5% was observed for seed yield, including total weight of seeds (totalwgseeds), number of seeds (nrfilledseed), fill rate and harvest index. In addition, 2 lines of plants expressing the ELM2-related nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 showed an increased root/shoot index and 3 lines showed an increase in Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW).

TABLE D1 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for T2 generation plants, for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase totalwgseeds 25.1 fillrate 22.9 harvestindex 23.1 nrfilledseed 21.6

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T2 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 under nitrogen deficiency stress conditions are presented below in Table D2. When grown under nitrogen deficiency stress conditions, an increase of at least 5% was observed for plant aboveground area or leafy biomass (AreaMax) and for seed yield, including total weight of seeds (totalwgseeds), number of florets (nrtotalseed), fill rate and number of seeds (nrfilledseed) In addition, 1 line of plants expressing the ELM2-related nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 under nitrogen deficient stress conditions showed an increased total root biomass and 3 lines showed an increase in the average amount of florets per panicle on a plant.

TABLE D2 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for T2 generation plants, for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase AreaMax 9.6 totalwgseeds 16.7 nrtotalseed 7.5 fillrate 9.4 nrfilledseed 17.7

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T2 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 under non-stress conditions are presented below in Table D3. When grown under non-stress conditions, an increase of at least 5% was observed for seed yield, including total weight of seeds (totalwgseeds), number of seeds (nrfilledseed), fill rate and harvest index. In addition, 1 line of plants expressing an ELM2-related nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 3 showed an increased total number of seeds.

TABLE D3 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for T2 generation plants, for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase totalwgseeds 70.6 fillrate 55.4 harvestindex 60.5 nrfilledseed 67.0

2. WRKY-Related Polypeptides

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressing a WRKY-related polypeptidenucleic acid under non-stress conditions are presented hereunder. An increase was observed for emergence vigour (early vigour), total seed yield (Totalwgseeds), fillrate, TKW, number of filled seeds, taller more erect plants (HeightMax), amount of thick roots (RootThickMax) (Table D4).

In addition, one or more lines showed increased number of florets per panicle on a plant (flowerperpan), increased harvestindex (HI), increased greenness of a plant before flowering (GNbfFlow), increased height of the plant (GravityYMax), increased quick early development (AreaEmer), increased Cycle Time (AreaCycl).

TABLE D4 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for the confirmation (T1 generation), for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase EmerVigor 13.1 totalwgseeds 16.3 nrfilledseed 12.2 fillrate 8.4 TKW 3.9 HeightMax 5.1 RootThickMax 7.1

3. EMG1-Like Polypeptides

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T1 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the EMG1-like polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 179 under non-stress conditions are presented below in Table D5. When grown under non-stress conditions, increase of at least 5% was observed for total seed yield (Totalwgseeds), seed fill rate (fillrate), harvest index (harvestindex). In addition 3 lines showed a positive trend for thousand kernel weight. See previous Examples for details on the generations of the transgenic plants.

TABLE D5 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for T1 generation plants, for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase totalwgseeds 13.3 fillrate 14.5 harvestindex 15.5

4. GPx-Related Polypeptides

10.1 The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T2 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the GPx-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 293 under non-stress conditions are presented below in Table D6. When grown under non-stress conditions, an increase of at least 5% was observed for seed yield, particularly total weight of seeds, number of seeds, fill rate, harvest index. In addition, plants expressing a GPx-related nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 292 showed more number of flowers per panicle (Flowerperpan), increased Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW), increased height of the plant (HeightMax), increased robust indication of the height of the plant (GravityYMax).

TABLE D6 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for the confirmation (T1 generation), for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase totalwgseeds 26.6 nrfilledseed 23.2 Fillrate 21.4 harvestindex 25.8

10.2 The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T2 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the GPx-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 295 under non-stress conditions are presented below in Table D7. When grown under non-stress conditions, an increase of at least 5% was observed for more number of flowers per panicle (Flowerperpan), increased height of the plant (HeightMax), increased robust indication of the height of the plant (GravityYMax), quick early development (AreaEmer), seed yield, particularly total weight of seeds, number of seeds, fill rate, harvest index. In addition, plants expressing a GPx-related nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 294 showed a faster growth rate (an earlier start of flowering (TimetoFlower: time (in days) between sowing and the emergence of the first panicle), increased greenness of a plant before flowering (GNbfFlow), a faster growth rate (a shorter time (in days) needed between sowing and the day the plant reaches 90% of its final biomass (AreaCycl).

TABLE D7 Data summary for transgenic rice plants; for each parameter, the overall percent increase is shown for T1 generation plants, for each parameter the p-value is <0.05. Parameter Overall increase totalwgseeds 30.3 nrfilledseed 25.7 fillrate 36.9 harvestindex 31.0 flowerperpan 10.7 HeightMax 5.8 GravityYMax 6.1 AreaEmer 5.6

10.3 The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants in the T2 generation and expressing a nucleic acid encoding the GPx-related polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 297 under non-stress conditions are presented in the following. When grown under non-stress conditions, an increase of at least 5% was observed for increased Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW), increased height of the plant (HeightMax), increased robust indication of the height of the plant (GravityYMax), a faster growth rate (a shorter time (in days) needed between sowing and the day the plant reaches 90% of its final biomass (AreaCycl). 

1-97. (canceled)
 98. A method for enhancing yield-related traits in a plant relative to a control plant, comprising introducing and expressing in a plant: a) a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, wherein said ELM2-related polypeptide comprises an Interpro accession IPR 000949, according to PFAM accession number PF01448 ELM2 domain, wherein said ELM2-related polypeptide comprises one or more motifs having at least 80% sequence identity with one or more of the following motifs: (i) Motif 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; (ii) Motif 2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (iii) Motif 3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; b) a nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide, wherein said GPx-related polypeptide comprises one or more motifs and/or signatures having at least 80% sequence identity with a motif and/or signature selected from the group consisting of motifs 7 to 18: (i) Motif 7 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361; (ii) Motif 8 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 362; (iii) Motif 9 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 363; (iv) Motif 10 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 364; (v) Motif 11 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 365; (vi) Motif 12 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 366; (vii) Motif 13 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 367; (viii) Motif 14 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 368; (ix) Motif 15 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 369; (x) Motif 16 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 370; (xi) Motif 17 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 371; (xii) Motif 18 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 372; and/or one or more signatures 1 to 6, (i) Signature 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 373; (ii) Signature 2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 374; (iii) Signature 3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 375; (iv) Signature 4 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 376; (v) Signature 5 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 377; (vi) Signature 6 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 378; c) a nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide, wherein said EMG1-like polypeptide comprises an InterPro accession IPR005304 EMG1 domain corresponding to PFAM accession number PF03587, wherein said EMG1-like polypeptide comprises an EMG1 domain having at least 60% sequence identity with the EMG1 domain from amino acid 81 to 276 of SEQ ID NO: 179; or d) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a WRKY-related polypeptide, preferably comprising one or more motifs selected from the group consisting of WRKYGQ motif, basic motif, coiled coil motif as defined herein.
 99. The method of claim 98, wherein said EMG1-like polypeptide further comprises one of the motifs comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 286, SEQ ID NO: 287 or SEQ ID NO:
 288. 100. The method of claim 98, wherein: a) said GPx-related polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296; (ii) a nucleic acid comprising the complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296; (iii) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297, preferably as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, said nucleic acid can be deduced from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297 and confers enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants; (iv) a nucleic acid having at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 292, 294 or 296, and conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants, wherein said nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide that is not the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297; (v) a nucleic acid which hybridizes with any of the nucleic acids of (i) to (iv) under stringent hybridization conditions and confers enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants, wherein said nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide that is not the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297; (vi) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 293, 295 or 297 and conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants; or (vii) a nucleic acid comprising any combination(s) of features of (i) to (vi) above; b) said WRKY-related polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102; (ii) a nucleic acid comprising the complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102; (iii) a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103, preferably as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, said isolated nucleic acid can be deduced from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 and confers enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants; (iv) a nucleic acid having at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102, and conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants, wherein said nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide that is not the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 103; (v) a nucleic acid which hybridizes with any of the nucleic acids of (i) to (iv) under stringent hybridization conditions and confers enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants, wherein the first nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide that is not the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 103; (vi) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 and conferring enhanced yield-related traits relative to or compared to control plants; or (vii) a nucleic acid comprising any combination(s) of features of (i) to (vi) above.
 101. The method of claim 98, wherein said enhanced yield-related traits comprise increased yield relative to a control plant, and preferably comprise increased biomass and/or increased seed yield relative to a control plant.
 102. The method of claim 98, wherein said enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under non-stress conditions.
 103. The method of claim 98, wherein said enhanced yield-related traits are obtained under conditions of drought stress, salt stress or nitrogen deficiency.
 104. The method of claim 98, wherein: i) said nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide encodes any one of the polypeptides listed in Table A1 or is a portion of such a nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing with such a nucleic acid; ii) said nucleic acid encoding a GPx-related polypeptide encodes any one of the polypeptides listed in Table A4 or is a portion of such a nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing with such a nucleic acid; or iii) said nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide encodes any one of the polypeptides listed in Table A3 or is a portion of such a nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing with such a nucleic acid.
 105. The method of claim 98, wherein: i) said nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologue thereof having at least 90% overall sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4; or ii) said nucleic acid encoding an EMG1-like polypeptide encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 179. 106. The method of claim 98, wherein said nucleic acid is operably linked to a constitutive promoter, a medium strength constitutive promoter, a plant promoter, a GOS2 promoter, or a GOS2 promoter from rice.
 107. A plant obtained by the method of claim 98, or a plant part, seed or progeny of said plant, wherein said plant, or said plant part, seed or progeny, comprises a recombinant nucleic acid encoding the ELM2-related polypeptide, the GPx-related polypeptide, the EMG1-like polypeptide or the WRKY-related polypeptide.
 108. A construct comprising: (i) a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, a GPx-related polypeptide, an EMG1-like polypeptide or a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined in claim 98; (ii) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression of the nucleic acid of (i); and optionally (iii) a transcription termination sequence.
 109. The construct of claim 108, wherein one of said control sequences is a constitutive promoter, a medium strength constitutive promoter, a plant promoter, GOS2 promoter or a GOS2 promoter from rice.
 110. A method for making a plant having enhanced yield-related traits, increased yield, or increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to a control plant, comprising transforming the construct of claim 108 into a plant, plant cell or plant part.
 111. A plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with the construct of claim
 108. 112. A method for the production of a transgenic plant having enhanced yield-related traits, increased yield, or increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to a control plant, comprising: (i) introducing and expressing in a plant cell or plant a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, a GPx-related polypeptide, an EMG1-like polypeptide or a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined in claim 98; and (ii) cultivating said plant cell or plant under conditions promoting plant growth and development.
 113. A transgenic plant having enhanced yield-related traits, increased yield, or increased seed yield and/or increased biomass relative to a control plant, resulting from modulated expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide, a GPx-related polypeptide, an EMG1-like polypeptide or a WRKY-related polypeptide as defined in claim 98, or a transgenic plant cell derived from said transgenic plant.
 114. Harvestable parts of the plant of claim 107, wherein said harvestable parts are preferably biomass and/or seeds.
 115. Products derived from the plant of claim 107 and/or from harvestable parts of said plant.
 116. A method for manufacturing a product comprising: a) growing the plant of claim 107; and b) producing a product from or by said plant or parts or seeds thereof.
 117. A plant, plant cell or plant part comprising the construct of claim
 108. 118. A recombinant chromosomal DNA comprising the construct of claim
 108. 119. A method of growing a transgenic plant comprising: a) planting a transformed seed comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an ELM2-related polypeptide as defined in claim 98; and b) growing a plant from said seed. 